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闪锌矿中稀散元素镓和铟的富集规律研究
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Abstract:
闪锌矿是镓(Ga)和铟(In)最重要的载体矿物，它在各种类型的矿床中普遍存在。Ga和In已被美国、欧盟、英国、中国等列入关键矿产名录，其在战略新兴产业发展中有非常重要的作用，是平板显示屏、电子半导体和光伏电池等产业必不可少的原料。在本研究中，运用ICPMS技术对澳大利亚和其他国家各类矿床闪锌矿样品中微量元素的含量进行了分析。所得出的结果与相关文献中收集的数据结合在一起，分析Ga和In在不同类型矿床中的分布情况(矿床类型包括矿床工业类型与矿床成因类型)。研究发现，Ga主要分布在热液矿床、层控矿床及银(Ag)矿床中；而In通常在热液矿床、喷流–沉积矿床(SEDEX)和锡(Sn)矿床中含量较高。同时也探讨了Ga和In之间的关系，Ga/In的比率可以用于区别矿床成因类型，即在层控矿床和密西西比河谷型(MVT)矿床中Ga/In > 1；在网状脉矿床中Ga/In ≈ 1；在热液、矽卡岩、火山成因块状硫化物(VMS)和SEDEX矿床中Ga/In < 1。Ga和In的富集均与Cu相关，且Ga的富集与Ag相关，因此分别为下列置换提供了证据：(Ag, Cu)+ + Ga3+？2Zn2+和Cu+ + In3+？2Zn2+。Ga与Co含量的负相关性表明富含Co的闪锌矿相对贫Ga，但是对于这一现象还没有明确的解释。
Sphalerite is the most important host mineral of gallium (Ga) and indium (In) as it is commonly observed in a wide range of deposit types. Ga and In have been listed as critical minerals by the United States, the European Union, the United Kingdom, China and other countries. Ga and In play a very important role in the development of strategic emerging industries, and are essential raw materials for industries, such as flat screens, electronic semiconductors and photovoltaic cells. In this study, ICPMS techniques have been used to investigate the distribution of minor and trace elements in sphalerite samples from both Australian and international deposits. These new results have been combined with data available in the literature, to examine the distributions of Ga and In in different types of deposits (both industrial types and genetic types). Gallium is found to be concentrated in hydrothermal, stratabound and Ag deposits, while indium is usually highest in sphalerite from hydrothermal, SEDEX and Sn deposits. The relationship between Ga and In is also explored, and the ratio of Ga/In can broadly discriminate between the genetic types. That is, in stratabound and MVT deposits Ga/In > 1; in stockwork deposits Ga/In ≈ 1; in hydrothermal, skarn, VMS and SEDEX deposits Ga/In < 1. Both gallium and indium concentrations correlate with Cu, and gallium concentration correlates with Ag, providing supporting evidence for the coupled(Ag, Cu)+ + Ga3+？2Zn2+和Cu+ + In3+？2Zn2+ substitutions respectively. The negative correlation between Ga and Co indicates that Co-rich sphalerite has relatively low Ga concentration, but an explanation for this remains unclear.
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