Putting the brakes on CTLA-4 inhibition in lung cancer?

Immune checkpoint inhibitors have fundamentally changed the treatment landscape of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Indeed, within the last 3 years, single-agent programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors have become standard therapies in both the first- and second-line settings for patients with advanced disease (1-4). Despite these advancements, however, only a minority of patients experience durable responses to PD-1 pathway inhibition. As a result, recent efforts have focused on identifying alternative immune checkpoints and combination strategies to potentiate anti-cancer immune responses