变压吸附法提纯煤层气中甲烷研究进展

低浓度煤层气直接排放既造成能源浪费,又带来严重的温室效应,变压吸附法提纯低浓度煤层气是解决煤层气排放的有效利用途径。总结了变压吸附技术对CH_4/N_2体系煤层气中CH4分离的研究进展,包括变压吸附分离机理和相应的变压吸附提纯工艺路线,分析了2种工艺的优缺点,讨论了多孔吸附材料,如活性炭、碳分子筛、沸石分子筛和金属有机骨架材料对CH_4/N_2吸附分离效果的研究进展和存在的问题。基于平衡效应分离的变压吸附技术,在CH_4/N_2体系分离实际应用中遇到瓶颈,原因在于现有吸附剂平衡分离系数太小,提浓幅度有限;其次,CH_4在平衡效应里作为强吸附组分被优先吸附,产品气必须通过抽真空的方式解吸获得,必须采取多级压缩和增加置换步骤,因而能耗相对较高。基于动力学效应的分离,可在塔顶直接获得富集的带压产品气;同时免去多级压缩的能量消耗,相对平衡效应分离具有显著优势,但需要在第一级加压,处理接近爆炸限浓度煤层气有一定安全隐患。活性炭吸附容量大,处理能力强,价格低廉,是一种典型的平衡分离型吸附剂,但分离系数较低,存在气体循环量大、效率低,提浓幅度窄等缺点,如何通过孔径调控和表面改性提高活性炭的平衡分离系数将是今后研究的重点。现有报道效果较好的动力学吸附剂主要以碳分子筛为主,但价格高昂,工业推广受限,选择合适的廉价原料、改变现有间歇式生产工艺、进一步开发高效、廉价的动力学/N2的重要方向。沸石分子筛会优先吸附CH_4,与动力学效应优先吸附N_2相反,降低了分子筛对CH_4/N_2的分离选择性。所以硅铝分子筛/钛硅分子筛多在分离高浓度CH4含量的天然气、油田气方面表现优异,针对低浓度煤层气CH_4的提纯应用较少,未见工业应用报道。金属有机骨架材料的出现提供了新的发展思路,但其在CH_4/N_2的吸附平衡和动力学研究以及变压吸附分离方面研究较少,还有待进一步深入研究,解决材料的稳定成型和放大仍是需要突破的技术瓶颈。未来变压吸附提纯工艺将是平衡效应和动力学效应的组合工艺,开发低压下变压吸附分离工艺将具有更好的经济性和安全性;低成本、大容量、高选择性吸附剂开发仍是未来吸附剂的重点发展方向;同时吸附剂寿命以及再生性能有待深入研究。 The direct emission of low-concentration coal bed methane not only causes energy waste,but also brings serious environmentalharm such as greenhouse effect.The purification of low concentration coalbed methane by PSA is an effective way to solve the emission of coalbed methane.In this paper,the research on separation of methane from CH_4/N_2 system in coalbed methane using the technology ofpressure swing adsorption was summarized,including separation mechanism and the corresponding pressure swing adsorption purificationtechnology;the advantages and disadvantages of two kinds of technology were analyzed,and the research progress and existing problems ofCH_4/N_2 adsorption separation effect on porous adsorption materials were discussed such as activated carbon,carbon molecular sieve,zeo-lite molecular sieve and metal organic skeleton materials.Pressure swing adsorption technology based on equilibrium effect separation hasencountered a bottleneck in the practical application of CH_4/N_2 system separation since the equilibrium separation coefficient of existingadsorbents is too small and the concentration enhancement is limited.Secondly,CH4 is preferentially adsorbed as a strong adsorption com-ponent in the equilibrium effect. The product gas must be obtained by vacuum desorption,and multistage compression and additional dis-placement steps must be taken,so the energy consumption is relatively high. The enriched product gas with pressure can