The nuclear transportation routes of membrane-bound transcription factors

The nuclear transportation routes of plasma membrane-bound proteins. (a1-a2) Some PM proteins are cleaved by regulated intramembrane proteolysis. The fragments facing to cytosol are released and relocated to the nucleus. (b1-b2) Some of them attach to the plasma membrane by palmitoylation. They release from the plasma membrane by depalmitoylation and then enter the nucleus upon signal induction. (c1-c5) Some proteins release from the membrane by endocytosis and then go to the Golgi. Through Golgi to ER retrograde trafficking, they are finally translocated into the nucleu