Wnt3a ligand facilitates autophagy in hippocampal neurons by modulating a novel GSK-3β-AMPK axis

Wnt3a ligand modulates AMPK activity in hippocampal neurons. a Wnt3a ligand significantly increases AMPK phosphorylation at Thr172 between 15 and 60 min of treatment. b GSK-3β shows significant inhibition (phosphorylation at Ser9) from 5 to 15 min of treatment with Wnt3a ligand. c β-catenin did not accumulate in neurons over the same time course. d Graphic showing kinetic summary of AMPK activation and GSK-3β inhibition. The data are expressed as the mean？±？S.E.M. of n？=？3 independent experiments, *p？<？0.05, **p？<？0,001, n.s, non-significan