Water safety plan as conceived by WHO can lead to prevention of pollution in each component of water supply chain which leads to ensuring safe drinking water. Risk assessment is one of the key components during the development of water safety plan, achieved by identifying hazardous events and estimating their risk towards implementing control measures. This study reports the risk assessment from catchment to consumers in Maiduguri water treatment plant in Northeast Nigeria. Tools such as the field visits, key informant interviews, questionnaire and water quality monitoring were used to identify the hazards and estimate their risk using semi-quantitative matrix. With the existing control measures, the study showed a total of 33 hazardous events; 5 in catchment, 16 in treatment plant, 6 in distribution system and 6 at consumers’ points. The risk score indicated 6 are of medium risk and 9 of high risk. Catchment activities, upgrade of treatment facilities and lack of routine maintenance in the treatment plant, pipeline damages in distribution lines, and consumers’ lack of hygiene knowledge and awareness were found to be the major contributory factors which affect the desired quality. Therefore participation and commitment by all relevant stakeholders are fundamental requisite to manage the identified health risks.
References
[1]
Stevens, M., Howard, G., Davison, A., Bartram, J. and Deere, D. (2004) World Health Organization, Safe Piped Water: Managing Microbial Water Quality in Piped Distribution Systems. IWA Publishing, London.
[2]
Marroquin, A.C., Perez-Vidal, A. and Torres-Lozada, P. (2014) Risk Assessment in Water Distribution Systems: Framed in Water Safety Plan. Revista EIA, 11, 155-166.
[3]
World Health Organisation (WHO) (2011) Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. 4th Edition, WHO, Geneva.
[4]
Bartram, J., Corrales, L., Davison, A., Deere, D., Drury, D., Gordon, B., Howard, G., Rinehold, A. and Stevens, M. (2009) Water Safety Plan Manual: Step-by-Step Risk Management for Drinking Water Suppliers. WHO, Geneva.
[5]
Sang, L. and Ji, H.W. (2016) Identification of Hazardous Events for Drinking Water Production Process Using Managed Aquifer Recharge in the NAKDONG River Delta, Korea. The Malaysian Journal of Analytical Sciences, 20, 365-372. https://doi.org/10.17576/mjas-2016-2002-20
[6]
Andrea, P.V., Ame’zquita-Marroquin, C. and Torres-Lozada, P. (2013) Water Safety Plans: Risk Assessment for Consumers in Drinking Water Supply Systems. Ingeniería y Competitividad, 15, 237-251.
[7]
Jetoo, S., Grover, V.I. and Krantzberg, G. (2015) The Teldo Drinking Water Advisory: Suggested Application of the Water Safety Planning Approach. Sustainability, 7, 9797-9808. https://doi.org/10.3390/su7089787
[8]
Oloruntoba, E.O. and Sridhar, M.K.C. (2007) Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water from Source to Household in Ibadan, Nigeria. African Journal of Medicine and Medical Sciences, 36, 169-175.
[9]
Onabolu, B., Jimoh, O.D., Igboro, S.B., Sridhar, M.K.C., Onyilo, G., Gege, A. and Ilya, R. (2011) Source to Point of Use Drinking Water Changes and Knowledge, Attitude and Practice in Katsina State Northern Nigeria. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 36, 1189-1196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2011.07.038
[10]
Pooja, D.S., Siddharth, R. and Singh, S. (2015) Assessment of Water Quality. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 5, 67-70.
[11]
Bava, M.T.A. (2015) Development and Implementation of Water Safety Plan in Kondawatuna, Water Supply Scheme, National Water Supply and Drainge Board. 6th International Conference on Structural Engineering and Construction Management, Kandy Sri Lanka, December 2015, 155-162.
[12]
World Health Organization (WHO) (2004) Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality. 3rd Edition, Geneva.
[13]
Mahmud, S.G., Abujafar, Shamsudin, S.K., Feroze Ahmed, M., Deere, A.D.D. and Howard, G. (2007) Development and Implementation of Water Safety Plans for Small Water Supplies in Bangladesh. Journal of Water and Health, 5, 585-597. https://doi.org/10.2166/wh.2007.045
[14]
Emma, E.E. and Philip, O.P.E. (2014) Water Safety Plan as a Tool for Improved Quality of Municipal Drinking Water in Nigeria. Journal of Environmental Protection, 5, 97-1002.
[15]
Umara, B.G., Abdulrahim, A.T., Dibal, J.M. and Shuwa, B.B. (2013) Water Supply Shortage in Maiduguri: An Engineering Point of View. International Journal of Advanced Scientific and Technical Research, 5, 80-87.
[16]
Amos, H. and Joshua, E.N. (2014) Assessment of Drinking Water Quality of Alau Dam Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. International Journal of Science and Research, 4.
[17]
MSF (Medicins Sans Frontiers) (2014) Nigeria: Outbreak of Cholera in Borno State. http://www.msf.org/en/article/nigeria-outbreak-cholera-borno-state
[18]
Dammo, M.N. and Sangodoyin, A.Y. (2014) Socio-Economic Activities around Alau Dam and the Quality of Raw Water Supply to Maiduguri Treatment Plant, Nigeria. Water Practice and Technology, 9, 386-391. https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2014.042
[19]
Aza, B., Sugun, M.Y., Musa, J.A. and Turaki, A.U. (2016) Microbial Quality of Water Supplies in Maiduguri Metropolis, North Eastern Nigeria. World Rural Observations, 8, 25-29.
