The purpose of this study was to examine specimens of the Jamaican Ball sponge Cinachyrella kuekenthali, collected from two proximal locations approximately 10 km apart on the North Coast of the island at comparable depths of 10 - 17 m. The locations represented two distinctly different environments—a silty bay area in proximity to a shipping channel (Columbus Park, Discovery Bay) in contrast to a pristine, clear reef wall (Rio Bueno, Trelawny). Two individuals were collected in a preliminary study in which cholesterol was found to be the main constituent of both extracts. Five individuals were collected from Columbus Park while six individuals were sourced from Rio Bueno. The specimens were extracted separately with dichloromethane to afford gum-like substances. From the results of the study, the masses of the Columbus Park specimens were higher (average: 97.22 g) than that of the Rio Bueno-sourced organisms (42.57 g) but the quantities of the dichloromethane extracts were lower (2.06% vs. 3.81%), suggesting that the Columbus Park sponges were more focused on survival than metabolite production.
References
[1]
Lehnert, H. and Van Soest, R. (1998) Shallow Water Sponges of Jamaica. Beaufortia, 48, 71-103.
[2]
Aiello, A., Fattorusso, E., Magno, S., Menna, M. and Pansini, M. (1991) Steroids of the Marine Sponge Cinachyra tarentina: Isolation of Cholest-4-ene-3,6-dione and (24R)-24-ethylcholest-4-ene-3,6-dione. Journal of Natural Products, 54, 281-285.
https://doi.org/10.1021/np50073a035
[3]
Cardellina II, J.H., Graden, C.J., Greer, B.J. and Kern, J.R. (1983) 17-Z-tetracosenyl- 1-glycerol Ether from the Sponges Cinachyra alloclada and Ulosa ruetzleri. Lipids, 18, 107-110. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02536103
[4]
Rodríguez, J., Nuñez, L., Peixinho, S. and Jiménez, C. (1997) Isolation and Synthesis of the First Natural 6-Hydroximino 4-en-3-one-steroids from the Sponges Cinachyrella spp. Tetrahedron Letters, 38, 1833-1836.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-4039(97)00163-9
[5]
Barnathan, G., Miralles, J., Njinkoue, J.-M., Mangoni, A., Fattorusso, E., Debitus, C., Boury-Esnault, N. and Jean-Kornprobst, M. (1992) Sterol Composition of Three Marine Sponge Species from the Genus Cinachyrella. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 103, 1043-1047. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-0491(92)90236-K
[6]
Shimogawa, H., Kuribayashi, S., Teruya, T., Suenaga, K. and Kigoshi, H. (2006) Cinachyramine, the Novel Alkaloid Possessing a Hydrazone and Two Aminals from Cinachyrella sp. Tetrahedron Letters, 47, 1409-1411.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.12.087
[7]
Mokhlesi, A., Hartmann, R., Kurtán, T., Weber, H., Lin, W., Chaidir, C., Muller, W., Daletos, G. and Proksch, P. (2017) New 2-Methoxy Acetylenic Acids and Pyrazole Alkaloids from the Marine Sponge Cinachyrella sp. Marine Drugs, 15, 356-365.
https://doi.org/10.3390/md15110356
[8]
Henriquez, W., Sevcik, C., D’Sue, G., Visbal, G. and Christophersen, C. (2013) 2-N-Acetylglucosamine-O-threonine, an Amino Acid Derivative from the Marine Sponge Cinachyrella kuekenthali. Ciencia, 21, 103-107.
[9]
Lakshmi, V., Raghubir, R. and Gupta, P. (2008) New Ceramides from the Sponge Cinachyra cavernosa. Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, 10, 747-751.
https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020802030892
[10]
Pietruszka, J. (1998) Spongistatins, Cynachyrolides, or Altohyrtins? Marine Macrolides in Cancer Therapy. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 37, 2629-2636.
https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1521-3773(19981016)37:19<2629::AID-ANIE2629>3.0.CO;2-A
[11]
Oku, N., Takada, K., Fuller, R.W., Wilson, J.A., Peach, M.L., Pannell, L.K., McMahon, J.B. and Gustafson, K.R. (2010) Isolation, Structural Elucidation, and Absolute Stereochemistry of Enigmazole A, a Cytotoxic Phosphomacrolide from the Papua New Guinea Marine Sponge Cinachyrella enigmatica. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 132, 10278-10285. https://doi.org/10.1021/ja1016766
[12]
Li, L.Y., Deng, Z.W., Li, J., Fu, H.Z. and Lin, W.H. (2004) Chemical Constituents from Chinese Marine Sponge Cinachyrella australiensis. Journal of Peking University. Health Sciences, 36, 12-17.
[13]
Velosaotsy, N., Genin, E., Nongonierma, R., Al-Lihaibi, S., Kornprobst, J.-M., Vacelet, J. and Barnathan, G. (2004) Phospholipid Distribution and Phospholipid Fatty Acids in four Saudi Red Sea Sponges. Bollettino dei Musei e degli Istituti Biologici dell’Universitá di Genova, 68, 639-645.
[14]
Wessels, M., König, G.M. and Wright, A.D. (2000) New Natural Product Isolation and Comparison of the Secondary Metabolite Content of Three Distinct Samples of the Sea Hare Aplysiadactylomela from Tenerife. Journal of Natural Products, 63, 920-928. https://doi.org/10.1021/np9905721
[15]
Harvell, C.D., Fenical, W., Roussis, V., Ruesink, J.L., Griggs, C.C. and Greene, C.H. (1993) Local and Geographic Variation in the Defensive Chemistry of a West Indian gorgonian Coral (Briareum asbestinum). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 93, 165-173. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps093165
[16]
Murray, L.M., Johnson, A., Diaz, M.C. and Crews, P. (1997) Geographical Variation n the Tropical Marine Sponge Jaspis cf. johnstoni: An Unexpected Source of New Triterpene Benzenoids. The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 62, 5638-5641.
https://doi.org/10.1021/jo970036i
[17]
Bewley, C.A., Holland, N.D. and Faulkner, D.J. (1996) Two Classes of Metabolites from Theonella swinhoei Are Localized in Distinct Populations of Bacterial Symbionts. Experientia, 52, 716-722. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01925581
[18]
Qi, Y., Song, Y., Cao, H. and Zhang, W. (2012) Comparative Study of Morphological and Molecular Characters between Two Sponge Specimens (Porifera: Demosponge: Axinella) with Pharmacologically Active Compounds from the South China Sea. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 44, 1727-1735.
[19]
Swearingen III, D.C. and Pawlik, J.R. (1998) Variability in the Chemical Defense of the Sponge Chondrilla nucula against Predatory Reef Fishes. Marine Biology, 131, 619-627. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270050354
[20]
Lee, O.O., Yang, L.H., Li, X., Pawlik, J.R. and Qian, P.-Y. (2007) Surface Bacterial Community, Fatty Acid Profile, and Antifouling Activity of Two Congeneric Sponges from Hong Kong and the Bahamas. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 339, 25-40. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps339025
[21]
Ternon, E., Perino, E., Manconi, R., Pronzato, R. and Thomas, O.P. (2017) How Environmental Factors Affect the Production of Guanidine Alkaloids by the Mediterranean Sponge Crambe crambe. Marine Drugs, 15, 181-195.
https://doi.org/10.3390/md15060181
[22]
Encyclopedia of Life.
[23]
Trussell, G.C., Lesser, M.P., Patterson, M.R. and Genovese, S.J. (2006) Depth-Specific Differences in Growth of the Reef Sponge Callyspongia vaginalis: Role of Bottom-Up Effects. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 323, 149-158.
https://doi.org/10.3354/meps323149
[24]
Pawlik, J.R., Loh, T.-L., McMurray, S.E. and Finelli, C.M. (2013) Sponge Communities on Caribbean Coral Reefs Are Structured by Factors That Are Top-Down, Not Bottom-Up. PLoS ONE, 8, e62573. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062573
[25]
Maida, M., Carroll, A.R. and Coll, J.C. (1993) Variability of Terpene Content in the Soft Coral Sinularia flexibilis (Coelenterata, Octocorallia), and Its Ecological Implications. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 19, 2285-2296.
https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00979664
[26]
Santalova, E.A., Makarieva, T.N., Gorshkova, I.A., Dmitrenok, A.S., Krasokhin, V.B. and Stonik, V.A. (2004) Sterols from Six Marine Sponges. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology, 32, 153-167. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00143-1
[27]
McGovern, T.M. and Hellberg, M.E. (2003) Cryptic Species, Cryptic Endosymbionts, and Geographical Variation in Chemical Defenses in the Bryozoans Bugula neritina. Molecular Ecology, 12, 1207-1215.
https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.01758.x
