Industrialization is a major strategy of Vietnam for the development of the countryside. One such program is the promotion of craft villages that have been successful in increasing income levels that are 5 times more than those villages mainly engaged in agricultural production. However, while such programs have brought prosperity to these villages, they have ignored the adverse effects on the environment brought about by the wastewaters from the processing plants. Would these households involved in agro-food processing be willing to pay for the establishment of a wastewater plant to address the environmental problems? What factors would influence their willingness to pay? The results of the study among the selected households in Nhue-Day River Basin, Vietnam involved in agro-processing showed that the major factors affecting their willingness to pay for the establishment of a wastewater treatment plant are their level of education, quantity of households’ untreated wastewater, presence of young children who are more vulnerable to the adverse effects of pollution, experience of family members getting sick, households’ awareness of benefits from treated wastewater, capacity to pay, access to credit and membership in craft village’s Association. The study recommended that decisions on addressing environmental issues should be participatory to be able to take into consideration the socio-economic conditions of the stakeholders.
References
[1]
Edokpayi, J.N., Odiyo, J.O. and Durowoju, O.S. (2017) Impact of Wastewater on Surface Water Quality in Developing Countries: A Case Study of South Africa. In: Tutu, H., Ed., Water Quality, InTechOpen, London, Chap. 18, 401-416. https://doi.org/10.5772/66561 http://www.intechopen.com/books/water-quality
[2]
Mittal, R. (2013) Impact of Population Explosion on Environment. We School “Knowledge Builder”—The National Journal, 1, 1-5. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237771340_impact_of_population_explosion_on _environment
[3]
Szczykowska, J., Siemieniuk, A. and Wiater, J. (2015) Agricultural Pollution and Water Quality in Small Reservoir in Korycin. Journal of Ecological Engineering, 16, 141-146. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/599
[4]
Lichtenberg, E. and Lessley, B. (1992) Water Quality, Cost-Sharing, and Technical Assistance: Perceptionsof Maryland Farmers. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 47, 260-263.
[5]
Forster, D.L., Bardos, C.P. and Southgate, D.D. (1987) Soil Erosion and Water Treatment Costs. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 42, 349-352.
[6]
Rasul, M.T. and Jahan, M.S. (2010) Quality of Ground and Surface Water of Rajshahi City Area for Sustainable Drinking Water Source. Journal of Scientific Research, 2, 577-584. https://doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v2i3.4093
[7]
Saldias, C., Speelman, S., Huylenbroeck, G.V. and Vink, N. (2016) Understanding Farmers’ Preferences for Wastewater Reuse Frameworks in Agricultural Irrigation: Lessons from a Choice Experiment in the Western Cape, South Africa. http://www.wrc.org.za
[8]
Agrwal, V.K. (2005) Environmental Laws in India: Challenges for Enforcement. Bulletin of the National Institute of Ecology, 15, 227-238.
[9]
Singh, K. (2014) Legislation: Environmental Law Regime in the United Arab Emirates: An Investor’s Guide to Environment Compliance in the Construction Industry. Electronic Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law, 2, 83-91.
[10]
Faure, M.G. (1995) Enforcement Issues for Environmental Legislation in Developing Countries. http://archive.unu.edu/hq/library/Collection/PDF_files/INTECH/INTECHwp19.pdf
[11]
UNEP (2014) Enforcement of Environmental Law: Good Practices from Africa, Central Asia, ASEAN Countries and China. Expert Meeting on Enforcement of Environmental Law, Beijing, 19-22 May 2014, and a Peer Review Meeting, Nairobi, 13-14 August 2014. https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/9968/enforcement-nvironmental-laws.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
[12]
Dang, D.T., Sango, M. and Nguyen, T.V. (2010) Vietnam’s Craft Villages and Water Pollution: A Review of Previous Research. Working Paper for the Project Crafting Sustainability: Addressing Water Pollution from Vietnam’s Craft Villages. Supported by a Grant from the Australian Development Research Awards Scheme of AusAID.
[13]
NDRBEPC (2014) Evaluation Report on Implementation of the General Project to Protect the Environment of Nhue-Day River Basin for the Period 2013-2014.
[14]
Ministry of Natural Resource and Environment (MONRE) (2008) Vietnam National State of Environment Report: Vietnam Craft Village Environment.
[15]
Nair, I. (2014) Challenges of Rural Development and Opportunities for Providing Sustainable Livelihood. International Journal of Research in Applied, Natural and Social Sciences, 2, 111-118.
[16]
Pauw, J.B., Gericke, N., Daniel Olsson, D. and Berglund, T. (2015) The Effectiveness of Education for Sustainable Development. Sustainability, 7, 15693-15717. https://doi.org/10.3390/su71115693
[17]
Guevarra, D.M. and Florece, L.M. (2014) Factors Constraining the Natural Regeneration of Alibangbang (Bauhinia malabarica Roxb.). Journal of Environmental Science and Management, 17, 38-47.
[18]
Duong Lieu (2017) Report on “Results of the Implementation of New Rural Community Standards”. Duong Lieu Statistics Department.
[19]
Phu Do (2016) Annual Report on “Results of the Implementation of the Socioeconomic Development Plan”. Phu Do Statistics Department, Hanoi City.
[20]
Tran, T.H.G. (2013) Evaluate the Technology of Waste Water Treatment in Vermicelli Processing Village and Propose Solutions to Improve Processing Efficiency. Unpublished Master Thesis, Hanoi University of Natural Science, Hanoi.
[21]
Tan Hoa (2016) Annual Report on “Results of the Implementation of the Socioeconomic Development Plan, Security—Defense 2016, Mission Orientation 2017”. Tan Hoa Statistic Department, Hanoi City.
[22]
Williams, R. (2015) Ordered Logit Models—Overview. University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame. http://www3.nd.edu/~rwilliam
[23]
Ndunda, E.N. and Mungatana, E.D. (2013) Farmers’ Perception and Knowledge of Health Risks in Wastewater Irrigation. Open Science Repository Natural Resources and Conservation.
[24]
Ndunda, E.N. and Mungatana, E.D. (2013) Determinants of Farmers’ Choice of Innovative Risk-Reduction Interventions to Wastewater-Irrigated Agriculture. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 8, 119-128.
[25]
Pham, B.D. and Izumida, Y. (2002) Rural Development Finance in Vietnam: A Micro-Econometric Analysis of Household Surveys. World Development, 30, 319-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(01)00112-7
[26]
Armendariz de Aghion, B. and Morduch, J. (2005) The Economics of Microfinance. MIT Press, Cambridge, 352 p.
