Households are the sources contributing the most to the production of urban solid wastes in developing countries. The present study analyses the generation of domestic solid wastes in a settlement in Mexico in two different years. The goals were to compare composition and rates of generation into the periods to assess changes and the influence of socioeconomic variables. In 1998 and 2004, wastes from households were sampled of three socioeconomic levels randomly selected, and a survey was applied. Data obtained were analyzed with descriptive and multivariate analysis. Results of generation rate and composition of domestic solid wastes showed a negative correlation between generation and income in the first one, but positive in the second one; in both, composition did not show correlation. Rates of per capita generation, per household, population and density of inhabitants per dwelling increased, and the generation of wastes were more with respect to population growth, which emphasizes the influence of economic and demographic variables. This study corroborates that households are the principal sources of urban solid wastes and it is emphasized that management strategies must preponderate households to be successful. In addition, this information is important to establish strategies for an integral management of urban solid wastes in developing countries.
References
[1]
Grazhdani, D. (2016) Assessing the Variables Affecting on the Rate of Solid Waste Generation and Recycling: An Empirical Analysis in Prespa Park. Waste Management, 48, 3-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2015.09.028
[2]
Hering, J.G. (2012) An End to Waste? Science, 337, 623. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1227092 http://science.sciencemag.org/content/337/6095/623.full
[3]
Hoornweg, D. and Giannelli, N. (2007) Managing Urban Solid Waste in Latin America and the Caribbean. Integrating the Private Sector, Harnessing Incentives. Gridlines No. 28. World Bank, Washington DC. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/912221468165572441/pdf/417030LAC0Muni1rid lines02801PUBLIC1.pdf
[4]
Lebersorger, S. and Beigl, P. (2011) Urban Solid Waste Generation in Urbanities: Quantifying Impacts of Household Structure, Commercial Waste and Domestic Fuel. Waste Management, 31, 1907-1915. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2011.05.016
[5]
Zurbrügg, C., Gfrerer, M., Ashadi, H., Brenner, W. and Küper, D. (2011) Determinants of Sustainability in Solid Waste Management. The Gianyar Waste Recovery Project in Indonesia. Waste Management, 32, 2126-2133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.01.011
[6]
Buenrostro, D.O., Márquez, B.L. and Pinette, G.F. (2008) Consumption Patterns and Household Hazardous Solid Waste Generation in an Urban Settlement in Mexico. Waste Management, 28, S2-S6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.03.019
[7]
Muñoz, C.E., Arenas, H.F. and Ramón, G.E. (2009) Comparative Analyses of the Street Generation of Inorganic Urban Solid Waste (IUSW) in Two Neighborhoods of Mexico City. Waste Management, 29, 1167-1175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.06.039
[8]
Hernández, B.M.C., Aguilar, V.Q., Taboada, G.P., Lima, M.R., Eljaiek, U.M., Márquez, B.L. and Buenrostro, D.O. (2016) Generación y Composición de los Residuos Sólidos Urbanos en América Latina y el Caribe. Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental, 32, 11-22. https://doi.org/10.20937/RICA.2016.32.05.02
[9]
Otoma, S., Hoang, H., Hong, H., Miyazaki, I. and Diaz, R. (2013) A Survey on Urban Solid Waste and Residents’ Awareness in Da Nang City, Vietnam. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 15, 187-194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-012-0109-2
[10]
Xu, L., Lin, T., Xu, Y., Xiao, L., Ye, Z. and Cui, S. (2016) Path Analysis of Factors Influencing Household Solid Waste Generation: A Case Study of Xiamen Island, China. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 18, 377-384. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-014-0340-0
[11]
Buenrostro, O., Bocco, G. and Bernache, G. (2001) Urban Solid Waste Generation and Disposal in Mexico. A Case Study. Waste Management, & Research, 19, 169-176. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X0101900208
[12]
Goduraa, S., Aggarwalb, A.K., Kumard, R. and Bhatiac, P. (2012) Factors Influencing Household Level Urban Solid Waste Practices in Urban Areas of North and South India: A Cross-Sectional Study. Waste Management, 32, 1728-1730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2012.05.029
[13]
Hazra, T. and Goel, S. (2009) Solid Waste Management, in Kolkata, India: Practices and Challenges. Waste Management, 29, 470-478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.01.023
[14]
Liu, T., Wu, Y., Tian, X. and Gong, Y. (2015) Urban Household Solid Waste Generation and Collection in Beijing, China. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 104, 31-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2015.09.004
[15]
Ogwueleka, T.C. (2013) Survey of Household Waste Composition and Quantities in Abuja, Nigeria. Resources Conservation and Recycling, 77, 52-60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.05.011
[16]
NIGS (National Institute of Geography and Statistics) (2002) Classifier for the Codification of Economic Activity. http://www.inegi.gob.mx/inegi/contenidos/espanol/clasificadores/clasificador%20de%20activi dad%20economica.pdf
[17]
STID (Secretariat of Trade and Industrial Development) NMX-AA-61-1985. Environmental Protection Soil Contamination-Municipal Solid Residues-Determination of Generation. Official Journal of the Federation November 6 1992. http://biblioteca.semarnat.gob.mx/janium/Documentos/Ciga/agenda/DOFsr/DO3433.pdf
[18]
STID (Secretariat of Trade and Industrial Development) NMX-AA-015-1985. Environmental Protection-Soil Pollution-Urban Solid Residues-Sampling-Quarter Method. Official Journal of the Federation November 6 1992. http://biblioteca.semarnat.gob.mx/janium/Documentos/Ciga/agenda/DOFsr/NMX-AA-015-1985.pdf
[19]
STID (Secretariat of Trade and Industrial Development) NMX-AA-022-1985. Environmental Protection-Soil Pollution-Urban Solid Wastes-by-Products Selection and Quantification. Official Journal of the Federation March 18 1985. http://biblioteca.semarnat.gob.mx/janium/Documentos/Ciga/agenda/DOFsr/NMX-AA-022-1985.pdf
[20]
NIGS (National Institute of Geography and Statistics) (2008) Yearbook of Statistics by Federal Entity. http://internet.contenidos.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/Productos/prod_serv/contenidos/espanol/bvi negi/productos/historicos/2104/702825168735/702825168735_1.pdf
[21]
NPC (National Population Council) (2012) National Urban System Catalog 2012. http://conapo.gob.mx/es/CONAPO/Catalogo_Sistema_Urbano_Nacional_2012
[22]
UNCF (United Nations Children’s Fund) (2016) Report and Raise Awareness about Issues Affecting Adolescents in Mexico. https://www.unicef.org/mexico/spanish/noticias_34505.html
[23]
SENR (Secretariat of Environment and Natural Resources) (2017). https://www.gob.mx/semarnat/acciones-y-programas/residuos-solidos-urbanos-rsu
[24]
Parvez, N. and Bari, N. (2015) Design of Integrated Solid Waste Management, System of Kakonhat Urbanity. Proceedings of the Waste Safe 2015—4th International Conference on Solid Waste Management, in the Developing Countries, Khulna, 15-17 February 2015, 1-10.
[25]
Grazhdani, D. (2015) Contingent Valuation of Residents’ Attitudes and Willingness to Pay for Non-Point Source Pollution Control: A Case Study in Prespa Park, Southeastern Albania. Environmental Management, 56, 81-93. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-015-0480-6
[26]
Alam, O., Hossain, M. and Mamun, A. (2015) An Investigation into the Green Business Opportunity for the New Entrepreneurs in the Urban Wastes Recycling Sector of Bangladesh. Proceedings of the Waste Safe 2015—4th International Conference on Solid Waste Management, in the Developing Countries, Khulna, 15 February, 2015, 15-17.
[27]
Baiocchi, V., Lelo, K., Polettini, A. and Pomi, R. (2014) Land Suitability for Waste Disposal in Metropolitan Areas. Waste Management, & Research, 32, 707-716. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X14545642
