论中国基础教育领导管理体制的分类分权改革——以1977年以来的经验教训为依据
The Classified Decentralization Reform of Basic Educational Leading and Management System in China——Based on Lessons Learned Since 1977

中国1977年以来在基础教育领导管理体制方面先短暂推行党委统一领导下的以县以上教育行政部门为主的体制，接着进行“地方负责、分级管理”或“分级办学、分级管理”的改革与调整，后推行“以县为主”、“管办评分离”的改革。这些改革特别是1985年到2000年间的改革取得了一定成绩，但出现的问题比较严重、留下的教训比较深刻。根据其中的经验教训和基础教育改革与发展的需要，中国未来还需要按照以下思路来进行基础教育领导管理体制改革：辩证地认识改革及相关问题；遵循教育领导管理体制改革的基本原则；进行分类改革；尽可能减少不必要的中间管理环节；适度分权，将该下放的责权下放给相关的管理主体：给县级教育行政部门直接管理全县教育的责和权；给学校较大的管理权力特别是办学自主权；进一步加强民主管理。
Since 1977, a series of reforms have been carried out in basic educationalmanagement system. At first, a system where the educational administrative departments above the county level played the dominant role under the unified leadership of the Party committee was temporarily implemented.Later, adjustment was made and the system followed the principle of 'local government being in charge and adopting hierarchical management form' or 'hierarchical running and management'. After that, a reform was conducted which advocated that the management should focus on the county-level and separation of management, implementation and evaluation. Although those reforms, especially those carried out between 1985 and 2000, have gained some achievements, they have also caused serious problems and left some painful experience. Based on lessons from the experience and requirements ofreform and development of basic education, the reform in the future should be carried out in accordance with the following ideas so as to understand reform and related issues dialectically. It should reform the educational management system, conduct classification reform and reduce unnecessary intermediate link as much as possible. In addition, it should implement moderate decentralization, delegating power to management subjects and entitling county level administrative department todirectly manage education county-wide.It should also endow more management rights to schools, especially the rights of independent operating so as to further strengthen democratic management