磁珠载体-电化学免疫分析研究进展

磁珠不仅拥有巨大的比表面积和高效的分散能力，而且在其表面可以形成牢固的免疫复合物；同时利用磁珠的超顺磁性可以快速的将其分离，样品前处理简单，不需要预浓缩、净化等复杂工序就可以实现对目标物的快速检测。此外，电化学分析技术具有超高的灵敏度，因此将磁珠与电化学免疫分析技术相结合，利用两者的优点则给人们提供了一种新的检测思路。目前，该领域研究活跃，并取得了重要研究进展，开发出了灵敏度高、检测速度快、简便易用的微型电化学免疫检测系统，可以用于食品检测、环境评估和临床诊断等领域。本文介绍了以磁珠为固相载体的电化学免疫分析技术的最新研究进展，特别是从磁电极免疫分析、基于旋转圆盘电极的免疫分析、酶标记免疫磁珠分析和纳米粒子标记免疫磁珠分析四个方面进行具体论述，并对该领域的发展前景做了展望。
Magnetic microbeads, which possess a huge specific surface area and high dispersion capability, can capture biomolecules and form stable immune complexes that can be rapidly separated as a result of the superparamagnetism of the magnetic microbeads. The sample pretreatment is simple, and the target compounds can be rapidly detected without complex pretreatment steps such as pre-concentration or purification. Moreover, because the electrochemical analysis technique is ultrasensitive, its coupling with magnetic microbeads provides a novel detection system. In recent years, active research programs have been undertaken in this field and important progress has been achieved. Miniaturized electrochemical immunoassay systems with high sensitivity, rapid detection, and simple operation have been developed and can be used in food analysis, environmental evaluation, clinical diagnostics, etc. In this review, the most recent research progresses in electrochemical immunoassay technology using magnetic microbeads as a solid phase are summarized, especially in terms of immunoassays using magnetic electrodes, immunoassays in a droplet using a rotating disk electrode, and magnetic-microbead-based immunoassays using enzyme labels and nanoparticle tags. Additionally, the future work in this field is discussed.