Background: The guidance of prospective therapists focused on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is most often made by groups of four students. However, learning therapist skills is a sensitive process that will be affected by the processes which occur within the group. Objective: The aim was to examine prospective psychotherapists’ attitudes to group assessments based on the revised version of the Cognitive Therapy Scale (CTS-R). Method: Participants were 56 students with an average age of 45.65 years (range = 31 - 64). They were recruited from psychotherapy training at the Gothenburg University and the Evidens University College in Sweden. A questionnaire was constructed in which the questions were answered by check on visual analogue scales (VAS). Results: A majority of students consisting of 38 participants (68%) had a very positive approach to group assessments, while a minority of 18 participants (32%) was more negative. Most crucial for how to answer the question of group assessments was whether they considered themselves as fairly evaluated by their student colleagues within the group and whether or not only the supervisor should make the assessments. The view of group assessments (negative or positive) was not related to age, gender, and level of education in CBT or profession. In addition, both groups had a very positive view of both the CTS-R and the supervisors. Conclusion: It was concluded that more studies with the same focus are needed to determine the extent to which the results are generalizable.
References
[1]
World Health Organization. Mental Health Action Plan, 2013-2020. Geneva. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/89966/1/9789241506021_eng.pdf?ua=1
[2]
Swedish National Board of Health (2016) Nationella riktlinjer för vård vid depression och ångestsyndrom. http://www.socialstyrelsen.se/publikationer
[3]
Butler, A.C., Chapman, J.E., Forman, E.M. and Beck, A.T. (2006) The Empirical Status of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: A Review of Meta-Analyses. Clinical Psychology Review, 26, 17-31.
[4]
Bates, S. (2013) Handledning ur ett KBT-perspektiv [Supervision from a CBT Perspective]. Natur och Kultur, Stockholm.
[5]
Angantyr, K., Rimner, A., Nordén, T. and Norlander, T. (2015) Primary Care Behavioral Health Model: Perspectives of Outcome, Client Satisfaction, and Gender. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 43, 287-301. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2015.43.2.287
[6]
Norlander, T., Ernestad, E., Moradiani, Z. and Nordén, T. (2015) Perceived Feeling of Security: A Candidate for Assessing Remission in Borderline Patients? Open Psychology Journal, 8, 146-152. https://doi.org/10.2174/1874350101508010146
[7]
Fairburn, C.G. and Cooper, Z. (2011) Therapist Competence, Therapy Quality, and Therapist Training. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 373-378.
[8]
Bennett-Levy, J., McManus, F., Westling, B.E. and Fennell, M. (2009) Acquiring and Refining CBT Skills and Competencies: Which Training Methods Are Perceived to Be Most Effective? Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 37, 571-583. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465809990270
[9]
Ranson, A., Shafran, R. and Myles, P. (2015) Investigating the Relationship between Competence and Patient Outcome with CBT. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 68, 19-26.
[10]
Milne, D. (2009) Evidence-Based Clinical Supervision: Principals and Practice. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester.
[11]
Sharpless, B.A. and Barber, J.P. (2009) A Conceptual and Empirical Review of the Meaning, Measurement, Development, and Teaching of Intervention Competence in Clinical Psychology. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 47-56.
[12]
Bandura, A. (1961) Psychotherapy as a Learning Process. Psychological Bulletin, 58, 143. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040672
[13]
Bandura, A. (1977) Social Learning Theory. General Learning Press, New York.
[14]
Cook, J.M., Schnurr, P.P., Biyanova, T. and Coyne, J.C. (2009) Apples Don’t Fall Far from the Tree: Influences on Psychotherapists’ Adoption and Sustained Use of New Therapies. Psychiatric Services, 60, 671-676. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2009.60.5.671
[15]
Watkins, C.E. (2012) Development of the Psychotherapy Supervisor: Review of and Reflections on 30 Years of Theory and Research. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 66, 45-83.
[16]
Milne, D.L., Reiser, R.P. and Cliffe, T. (2013) An N = 1 Evaluation of Enhanced CBT Supervision. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 41, 210-220. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465812000434
[17]
Lilja, J.L., Zelleroth, C., Axberg, U. and Norlander, T. (2016) Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Is Effective as Relapse Prevention for Patients with Recurrent Depression in Scandinavian Primary Health Care. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 57, 464-472. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12302
[18]
Perepletchikova, F., Treat, T.A. and Kazdin, A.E. (2007) Treatment Integrity in Psychotherapy Research: Analysis of the Studies and Examination of the Associated Factors. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 75, 829-841. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.75.6.829
[19]
Clark, D.M., Layard, R., Smithies, R., Richards, D.A., Suckling, R. and Wright, B. (2009) Improving Access to Psychological Therapy: Initial Evaluation of Two UK Demonstration Sites. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 47, 910-920.
[20]
DeRubeis, R.J., Hollon, S.D., Amsterdam, J.D., Shelton, R.C., Young, P.R., Salomon, R.M., Gallop, R., et al. (2005) Cognitive Therapy vs. Medications in the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 409-416. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.4.409
[21]
Trepka, C., Rees, A., Shapiro, D.A., Hardy, G.E. and Barkham, M. (2004) Therapist Competence and Outcome of Cognitive Therapy for Depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28, 143-157. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:COTR.0000021536.39173.66
Liese, B.S. and Beck, J.S. (1997) Cognitive Therapy Supervision. In: Watkins, C.E., Ed., Handbook of Psychotherapy Supervision, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, 114-133.
[24]
Bennett-Levy, J. (2006) Therapist Skills: A Cognitive Model of Their Acquisition and Refinement. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 34, 57-78. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1352465805002420
[25]
Croona Olde, C. (2013) Psykologen i rollen som handledare. Enlitteraturstudie [The Psychologist in the Role of Supervisor. A Review]. Sverigespsykologförbund, Stockholm.
[26]
Kolb, D. (1984) Experimental Learning: Experience as the Source of Learning and Development. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs.
[27]
Vygotskij, L.S. (1978) Interaction between Learning and Development. In: Cole, M., Ed., Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 79-91.
[28]
Fahlgren, R. (2008) Hur gör handledare? Centralaaspekteri KBT-Oriented Handledning [How Does a Supervisor Perform? Central Aspects of CBT-Oriented Supervision]. Stockholm University, Stockholm.
[29]
Milne, D.L., Baker, C., Blackburn, I.M., James, I. and Reichelt, K. (1999) Effectiveness of Cognitive Therapy Training. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 30, 81-92.
[30]
Shaw, B.F. and Dobson, K.S. (1988) Competency Judgments in the Training and Evaluation of Psychotherapists. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56, 666-672. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.56.5.666
[31]
Milne, D.L., Reiser, R.P., Cliffe, T., Breese, L., Boon, A., Raine, R. and Scarratt, P. (2011) A Qualitative Comparison of Cognitive-Behavioural and Evidence-Based Clinical Supervision. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 4, 152-166. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X11000092
[32]
Young, J. and Beck, A.T. Cognitive Therapy Scale Rating Manual. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.
[33]
Dobson, K.S., Shaw, B.F. and Vallis, T.M. (1985) Reliability of a Measure of the Quality of Cognitive Therapy. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24, 295-300. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1985.tb00662.x
[34]
Safran, J.D. and Segal, Z.V. (1990) Therapy Adherence Rating Scale. Interpersonal process in Cognitive Therapy. Basic Books, New York.
[35]
Barber, J.P., Liese, B.S. and Abrams, M.J. (2003) Development of the Cognitive Therapy Adherence and Competence Scale. Psychotherapy Research, 13, 205-221. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptr/kpg019
[36]
Muse, K., McManus, F., Rakovshik, S. and Thwaites, R. (2016) Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Assessment of Core CBT Skills (ACCS): An Observation-Based Tool for Assessing Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Competence. Psychological Assessment. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000372
[37]
Mathieson, F.M., Barnfield, T. and Beaumont, G. (2010) Are We as Good as We Think We Are? Self-Assessment versus Other Forms of Assessment of Competence in Psychotherapy. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 2, 43-50. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X08000081
[38]
Padesky, C.A., Kuyken, W. and Dudley, R. (2011) Collaborative Case Conceptualization Rating Scale & Coding Manual. Guilford Publications, New York.
[39]
Roth, A.D. (2016) A New Scale for the Assessment of Competences in Cognitive and Behavioural Therapy. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 44, 620-624. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1352465816000011
[40]
Blackburn, I.M., James, I.A., Milne, D.L., Baker, C., Standart, S., Garland, A. and Reichelt, F.K. (2001) The Revised Cognitive Therapy Scale (CTS-R): Psychometric Properties. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 29, 431-446. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1352465801004040
[41]
Dreyfus, H.L. (1989) The Dreyfus Model of Skill Acquisition. In: Burke, J., Ed., Competency Based Education and Training, Falmer Press, London, 181-183.
[42]
Jacobsson, P., Carlsson, J., Lundgren, M. and Ek, H. (2007) Assessing Competence in Cognitive Psychotherapy. A Validation Study of a Swedish Rating Scale. Centrum för Kognitiv Psykoterapioch Utbildning, Gothenburg.
[43]
Kuechler, C.F. (2007) Practitioners’ Voices: Group Supervisors Reflect on Their Practice. The Clinical Supervisor, 25, 83-103. https://doi.org/10.1300/J001v25n01_07
[44]
Bieling, P.J., McCabe, R.E. and Antony, M.M. (2006) Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy in Groups. Guilford Press, New York.
[45]
Kåver, A. (2006) KBT i utveckling. En introduktion till kognitiv beteendeterapi [CBT in Development. An Introduction to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy]. Naturoch Kultur, Stockholm.
[46]
Milne, D. and Dunkerley, C. (2010) Towards Evidence-Based Clinical Supervision: The Development and Evaluation of Four CBT Guidelines. The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist, 3, 43-57. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1754470X10000048
[47]
Watkins, C.E. (1997) Handbook of Psychotherapy Supervision. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
[48]
Watkins, C.E. (2012) Educating Psychotherapy Supervisors. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 66, 297-307.
[49]
Spence, J.T., Helmreich, R. and Stapp, J. (1975) Ratings of Self and Peers on Sex Role Attributes and Their Relation to Self-Esteem and Conceptions of Masculinity and Femininity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 29. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0076857
[50]
Norlander, T., Erixon, A. and Archer, T. (2000) Psychological Androgyny and Creativity: Dynamics of Gender-Role and Personality Trait. Social Behavior and Personality, 28, 423-435. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2000.28.5.423
[51]
Goldberg, S.B., Babins-Wagner, R., Rousmaniere, T., Berzins, S., Hoyt, W.T., Whipple, J.L., Wampold, B.E., et al. (2016) Creating a Climate for Therapist Improvement: A Case Study of an Agency Focused on Outcomes and Deliberate Practice. Psychotherapy, 53, 367. https://doi.org/10.1037/pst0000060
[52]
Ingvarsson, T., Nordén, T. and Norlander, T. (2014) Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: A Case Study on Experiences of Healthy Behaviors by Clients in Psychiatric care. Open Journal of Medical Psychology, 3, 390-402. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojmp.2014.35041
[53]
Lilja, J.L., Broberg, M., Norlander, T. and Broberg, A.G. (2015) Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy: Primary Care Patients’ Experiences of Outcomes in Everyday Life and Relapse Prevention. Psychology, 6, 464-477. https://doi.org/10.4236/psych.2015.64044
[54]
Greene, L.R. (2000) Process Analysis of Group Interaction in Therapeutic Groups. In: Beck, A. and Lewis, C., Eds., The Process of Group Psychotherapy: Systems for Analyzing Change, American Psychological Association, Washington DC, 23-47. https://doi.org/10.1037/10378-002