Background: Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin) one of the most
important vitamins for its normal functioning to maintain the nerve system and for
their role in production of DNA. Objective: This study was aimed to measure and
assess the serum Cobalamin levels in Sudanese patients with Sickle-cell disease
(SCD) and compared with those without Sickle-cell disease. Materials and Method:
This is a case control study conducted in Sudan during March 2015. A total of
160 volunteers were enrolled in this study. 80 were known Sudanese patients professionally diagnosed with homozygous
sickle cell; their age ranged from 6 months to 15 years as patients group. Further 80 normal healthy were as control group; their age and gender were similar to patient group.
Serum was prepared from clotted blood samples. The Cobalamin concentrations
were measured in both groups of SCD patients and in a normal healthy control
group using Enzyme Linked Immune immunosorbent assay method (ELISA), Map lap
Plus-Italy. For statistical analysis, the laboratory parameters were compared
between the two groups and tested for statistical significance using
Statistical package for social scent (SPSS) version 20. Result: In this study
the mean of serum Cobalamin in the sickle cell patients was statistically
significantly lower compared with the normal non-sickle cell disease group with p value = 0.01. Conclusion: 7.1% of Sudanese sickle cell disease has a deficient
serum Cobalamin (hypocobalaminemia).
Yamada, K. (2013) Chapter 9. Cobalt: It’s
Role in Health and Disease. In: Sigel, A., Sigel, H. and
Sigel, R.K.O.,
Eds., Interrelations between
Essential Metal Ions and Human Diseases. Metal Ions in Life Sciences 13, Springer,
Berlin, 295-320. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7500-8_9
[4]
Herrmann, W. (2011) Vitamins in the Prevention of
Human Diseases. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 245.
National Institutes
of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements (2016) Dietary
Supplement Fact Sheet: Vitamin B12—Health Professional Fact Sheet.
[7]
Lachner, C., Steinle,
N.I.
and
Regenold, W.T.
(2012) The
Neuropsychiatry of Vitamin B12 Deficiency in Elderly Patients. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 24, 5-15. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.neuropsych.11020052
[8]
McLean, E.D., Allen, L.H., Neumann, C.G.,
Peerson, J.M.,
Siekmann, J.H.,
Murphy, S.P.,
Bwibo, N.O.
and Demment, M.W. (2007)
Low
Plasma Vitamin B-12 in Kenyan School Children Is Highly Prevalent and Improved by
Supplemental Animal Source Foods. The
Journal Nutrition, 137, 676-682.
[9]
Pfeiffer, C.M.,
Caudill, S.P.,
Gunter, E.W., Osterloh, J.
and Sampson, E.J. (2005) Biochemical
Indicators of B Vitamin Status in the US Population after Folic Acid Fortification:
Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2000. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 82, 442-450.
[10]
Campbell, A.K.,
Miller, J.W.,
Green, R., Haan, M.N.
and
Allen, L.H. (2003) Plasma
Vitamin B-12 Concentrations in an Elderly Latino Population Are Predicted by Serum
Gastrin Concentrations and Crystalline Vitamin B-12 Intake. The Journal of Nutrition, 133, 2770-
2776.
[11]
Kittaka-Katsura, H.,
Fujita, T.,
Watanabe, F.
and
Nakano, Y.
(2002) Purification and Characterization of a Corrinoid Compound from Chlorella
Tablets as an Algal Health Food. Journal
of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50, 4994-4997. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf020345w
[12]
Watanabe, F., Takenaka, S., Kittaka-Katsura, H.,
Ebara, S.
and
Miyamoto, E.
(2002) Characterization and Bioavailability of Vitamin B12-Compounds from
Edible Algae. Journal of Nutritional
Science and Vitaminology, 48, 325-231. https://doi.org/10.3177/jnsv.48.325
[13]
Nakano, S., Takekoshi, H. and
Nakano, M.
(2010) Chlorella Pyrenoidosa Supplementation Reduces the Risk of Anemia,
Proteinuria and Edema in Pregnant Women. Plant
Foods for Human Nutrition, 65, 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-009-0145-9
[14]
Lam, J.R., Schneider, J.L., Zhao, W.
and
Corley, D.A.
(2013) Proton Pump Inhibitor and Histamine 2 Receptor Antagonist Use and
Vitamin B12 Deficiency. JAMA, 310,
2435-2442. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.280490
[15]
Yeomans, N.D., Hanson, R.G., Smallwood, R.A.,
Mihaly, G.W.
and
Louis, W.J.
(1982) Effect of Chronic Ranitidine Treatment on Secretion of Intrinsic
Factor. BMJ, 285,
264. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.285.6337.264
[16]
Ting, R.Z., Szeto, C.C., Chan, M.H.,
Ma, K.K.
and
Chow, K.M.
(2006) Risk Factors of Vitamin B(12) Deficiency in Patients Receiving Metformin. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166,
1975-1979. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.18.1975
[17]
Kondo, H., Osborne, M.L., Kolhouse, J.F., Binder, M.J.,
Podell, E.R.,
Utley, C.S.,
Abrams, R.S.
and
Allen, R.H.
(1981) Nitrous Oxide Has Multiple Deleterious Effects on Cobalamin
Metabolism and Causes Decreases in Activities of Both Mammalian Cobalamin-Dependent
Enzymes in Rats. The Journal
of Clinical Investigation, 67, 1270-1283. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI110155
[18]
Schneede, J. and Ueland, P.M. (2005)
Novel and Established Markers of Cobalamin Deficiency: Complementary or
Exclusive Diagnostic Strategies. Seminars
in Vascular Medicine, 5, 140-155. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2005-872399
[19]
Osifo, B.O., Adeyokunnu, A., Parmentier, Y.,
Gerard, P.
and
Nicolas, J.P. (1983) Abnormalities
of Serum Transcobalamins in Sickle Cell Disease (HbSS) in Black Africa. Scandinavian Journal of Hematology, 30, 135-140. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0609.1983.tb01459.x
[20]
Victorherbert.com. Argument for Providing B12 with Food
Fortification of Folate, Since Otherwise Folate Will Correct
Hematological Symptoms While Leaving Neurological Symptoms to Progress.
Segal, J.B., Miller, E.R., Brereton, N.H.
and Resar, L.M. (2004) Concentrations
of B Vitamins and Homocysteine in Children with Sickle Cell Anemia. Southern Medical Journal, 97, 149-155. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.SMJ.0000051740.56511.93
[23]
Lowenthal, E.A., Mayo, M.S., Cornwell, P.E.
and
Thornley-Brown, D. (2000)
Homocysteine Elevation in Sickle Cell Disease. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 19, 608-612. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2000.10718958
[24]
van
der Dijs, F.P., Schnog, J.J.,
Brouwer, D.A.,
Velvis, H.J.,
van den Berg, G.A.,
Bakker, A.J.,
Duits, A.J.,
Muskiet, F.D.
and
Muskiet, F.A.
(1998) Elevated Homocysteine Levels Indicate Suboptimal Folate Status in Pediatric
Sickle Cell Patients. American Journal of
Hematology, 59, 192-198. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-8652(199811)59:3<192::AID-AJH3>3.0.CO;2-8
[25]
Beutler, E., Lichtman, M.A., Coller, B.S., Kipps, T.J.
and Williams, U. Hematology. 6th
Edition, Churchill Livingstone,
London,
469.
[26]
Mohammed, A.O.,
Attalla, B.,
Bashir, F., Ahmed, F.E.,
Elhassan GafarIbnauf, A., et al. (2006) Relation of Sickle Cell
Gene to the Ethnic and Geographic Groups Populating the Sudan. Public Health Genomics, 9, 113-120. https://doi.org/10.1159/000091489
[27]
Evatt, M.L., Mersereau, P.W., Bobo, J.K.,
Kimmons, J.
and
Williams, J. Why
Vitamin B12 deficiency Should Be on Your Radar Screen. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/b12/index.html
[28]
Lukanmbi, F.A. and Adeyokunnu, A. (1984) Serum Cobalamin Concentration in Sickle Cell Disease
(HbSS). Acta Haematologica, 71, 299-303.
[29]
Kamineni, P.,
Chirla, S.,
Dinh, K., et al. (2006) Low Cobalamin Levels
in African Americans with and without Sickle Cell Disease. Journal of the National Medical Association, 98, 352- 356.
[30]
Ajay,
O.I., Bwayo-Weaver, S., Chirla, S., Serlemitsos-Day, M., Daniel, M., et al. (2013) Cobalamin Status in Sickle
Cell Disease. International Journal of Laboratory Hematology, 35, 31-37. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-553X.2012.01457.x
[31]
Sinow, R.M.,
Johnson, C.S.,
Karnaze, D.S., Siegel, M.E.
and
Carmel, R.
(1987) Unsuspected Pernicious Anemia in a Patient with Sickle Cell Disease Receiving Routine Folate Supplementation. Archives
of Internal Medicine, 147, 1828-1829. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1987.00370100142023
[32]
Dhiman, R.K., Yusif, R.A., Nabar, U.J.
and Albaqali, A.
(2004) Gastrointestinal: Ischemic Enteritis and Sickle Cell Disease. Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 19, 1318. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1746.2004.03630.x
