Objective: The objective is to observe the treatment effect of electro-acupuncture (EA) on core circadian clock gene Per2 and Bmal1 expression in hypothalamus of sleep-deprivation (SD) rats. Methods: Thirty-two Wistar male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups. Mice in the blank control group did not receive any treatment; the remaining groups were applied with para-chlorophenylalanine (PCPA) 300 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection for 2 days. Diazepam group received intraperitoneal injection of Diazepam (0.9 mg/kg, i.p.) one time a day for 5 days, while M group was treated with saline (0.9 mg/kg, i.p.) at the same time. Rats in EA group were given EA treatment, 20 minutes, once a day for 5 days, and rats in remaining groups were put into fixation-machine for the same time everyday, lasting for 5 days. Rats were sacrificed after anesthesia at the 8th day. Real-time PCR was adopted to detect the expression in clock gene Per2 and Bmal1 of each group. Results: Compared with blank control group, the expression of Per2 was significant decreased in PCPA model group (P < 0.05), the expression of Bmal1 was increased in PCPA model group (P < 0.05). Compared with PCPA model group, the expression of Per2 were significant enhanced in EA group and Diazepam group (P < 0.05). Simultaneously, compared with PCPA group, the expression of Bmal1 was no statistically significant in EA group and Diazepam groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion: EA can significant up-regulate the expression of Per2 in SD rats, and down-regulate gene Bmal1 expression, and benefiting the weight of rats. Thus, EA is a potentially promising intervention to treat sleep-deprivation.
References
[1]
Li, J. (2012) Molecular Mechanisms of Sleep Research Progress. Journal of International Neurology and Neurosurgery, 3, 295-297
[2]
Yu, H.Y. and Zhe, C. (1999) The Latest Research on Sleep Disorder Caused by Depression. Foreign Medical Sciences (Section of Psychiatry), 3, 228-317. http://dx.doi.org/10.13479/j.cnki.jip.1999.03.003
[3]
Hu, J. and Sun, N.Y. (2010) Clinical Summary on Acupuncture in the Patient of Insomnia. Gansu Journal of TCM, 23, 78-80.
[4]
Diekelmann, S. and Born, J. (2010) The Memory Function of Sleep. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 11, 114-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2762
[5]
Goel, N., Rao, H., Durmer, J.S., et al. (2009) Neurocognitive Consequences of Sleep Deprivation. Seminars in Neurology, 29, 320-339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1237117
[6]
Cheng, H.Y. and Obrietan, K. (2007) Revealing a Role of MicroRNAs in the Regulation of the Biological Clock. Cell Cycle, 6, 3034-3038. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cc.6.24.5106
[7]
Gao, X., Wang, P., Ren, S., et al. (2013) Curative Effect of Acupuncture and Moxibustion on Insomnia: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 33, 428-432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6272(13)60143-0
[8]
Tang, Y., Zhang, L.X., Hu, Y.P., et al. (2013) Clinical Research of Present Situation on Acupuncture Treatment for Insomnia in Recent 5 Years. Journal of Liaoning University of TCM, 15, 143-145.
[9]
Gao, L., Zhang, M., Gong, H.H., et al. (2014) Differential Activation Patterns of fMRI in Sleep-Deprivation Brain: Restoring Effects of Acupuncture. BMC Neuroscience, 8, 1471-1482.
[10]
Hu, J. (2011) The Effect of Treatment of Acupuncture Was Evaluated by Polysomnogram in Patients with Insomnia. Journal of Modern Electrophysiology, 18, 220-222.
[11]
Cao, H., Pan, X., Li, H., et al. (2009) Acupuncture for Treatment of Insomnia: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 15, 1171-1186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.2009.0041
[12]
Wang, J. and Jiang, J.F. (2006) Clinical Observation on Governor Vessel Daoqi Method for Treatment of Dyssomnia in the Patient of Depression. Chinese Acupuncture & Moxibustion, 26, 328-330.
[13]
Zhao, Y.X. (2010) Summary of the Treatment of Insomnia in A-B Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion. Chinese Journal of Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacy, 39, 39-40.
[14]
Ko, C.H. and Takahashi, J.S. (2006) Molecular Components of the Mammalian Circadian Clock. Human Molecular Genetics, 15, R271-R277. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddl207
[15]
Ripperger, J.A. and Schibler, U. (2006) Rhythmic CLOCK-BMAL1 Binding to Multiple E-Box Motifs Drives Circadian Dbp Transcription and Chromatin Transitions. Nature Genetics, 38, 369-374. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng1738
[16]
Franken, P. and Dijk, D.J. (2009) Circadian Clock Genes and Sleep Homeostasis. European Journal of Neuroscience, 29, 1820-1829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06723.x
[17]
Bae, K., Jones, C.R., He, Y., et al. (2001) An hPer2 Phosphorylation Site Mutation in Familial Advanced Sleep Phase Syndrome Drome. Science, 291, 1040-1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1057499
[18]
Mongrain, V., La Spada, F., Curie, T. and Franken, P. (2011) Sleep Loss Reduces the DNA-Binding of BMAL1, CLOCK, and NPAS2 to Specific Clock Genes in the Mouse Cerebral Cortex. PLoS ONE, 6, e26622. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026622
[19]
Liu, Z.L., Tang, C.L., Yu, M. and Hou, Y.X. (2011) Effect of Different Intensities of Electroacupuncture on the Expression of GABA and GABRAI in Hypothalamus of Insomnia Rats by PCPA. Life Science Research, 15, 236-240.
[20]
Zhao, C.H., Li, R. and Song, Y. (2008) Effect of Electro-Aupuncture with Different Acupoint Group on IL-1, TNF- and IL-6 in the Hypothalamus of Insomnia Rats. Journal of Jinan University, 29, 178-183.
[21]
Koe, B.K. and Weissman, A.M. (1966) P-Chlorophenylalanine: A Specific Depletor of Brain Serotonin. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 154, 499-516.
[22]
Guo, S.H., Lin, Y.L., Zhao, C.H. and He, H.X. (2015) The Effect of Electro-Acupuncture on Expression of MicroRNA-132 in Sleep-Deprived Rats’ Hypothalamus. Journal of Jinan University (Nature Science & Medicine Edition), 36, 313-318.
[23]
Li, Z.R., et al. (2007) Experimental Acupuncture. 2nd Edition, China Press of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 255-257.
[24]
Kim, J.H., Min, B.I., Na, H.S., et al. (2004) Relieving Effects of Electroacupuncture on Mechanical Allodynia in Neuropathic Pain Model of Inferior Caudal Trunk Injury in Rat: Mediation by Spinal Opioid Receptors. Brain Research, 998, 230-236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2003.11.045
[25]
Wang, Z.J., Liu, W. and Wang, J.J. (2014) Improving Effects of Electroacupuncture on Regenerative Feedback Loop of Superchiasmatic Nucleus in Mice with Breast Cancer. Journal of Chengdu University of TCM, 37, 20-23.
[26]
Li, J.C. and Yu, D. (2004) New Process of Circadian Clock Gene. Hereditas, 26, 89-96.
[27]
Jin, X., Shearman, L.P., Weaver, D.R., et al. (1999) A Molecular Mechanism Regulating Rhythm Output from the Suprachiasmatic Circadian Clock. Cell, 96, 57-68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80959-9
[28]
King, D.P. and Takahashi, J.S. (2000) Molecular Genetics of Circadian Rhythms in Mammals. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 23, 713-742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.neuro.23.1.713
[29]
Bea, K., Jin, X., Maywood, E.S., et al. (2001) Differential Functions of mPerl, mPer2, and mPer3 in the SCN Circadian Clock. Neuron, 30, 525-536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0896-6273(01)00302-6
[30]
Deboer, T., Detari, L. and Meijer, J.H. (2007) Long Term Effects of Sleep Deprivation on the Mammalian Circadian Pacemaker. Sleep, 30, 257-262.
[31]
Franken, P., Thomason, R., Heller, H.C., et al. (2007) A Non-Circadian Role for Clock-Genes in Sleep Homeostasis: A Strain Comparison. BMC Neuroscience, 8, 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2202-8-87
[32]
Hoogerwerf, W.A., Shahinian, V.B., Cornélissen, G., et al. (2010) Rhythms Changes in Colonic Motility Are Regulated by Period Genes. American Journal of Physiology—Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, 298, 143-150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00402.2009
Innominato, P.F., Lim, A.S., Palesh, O., et al. (2016) The Effect of Melatonin on Sleep and Quality of Life in Patients with Advanced Breast Cancer. Supportive Care in Cancer, 24, 1097-1105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-015-2883-6
[35]
Yu, X., Zecharia, A., Zhang, Z., et al. (2014) Circadian Factor BMAL1 in Histaminergic Neurons Regulates Sleep Architecture. Current Biology, 24, 2838-2844. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2014.10.019
[36]
Kramer, C., Loros, J.J., Dunlap, J.C., et al. (2003) Role for Antisense RNA in Regulating Circadian Clock Function in Neurospora Crassa. Nature, 421, 948-952. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature01427
[37]
Cheng, H.Y. and Obrietan, K. (2007) Revealing a Role of microRNAs in the Regulation of the Biological Clock. Cell Cycle, 6, 3024-3035. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cc.6.24.5106
[38]
Kondratov, R.V., Kondratova, A.A., Lee, C., et al. (2006) Post-Translational Regulation of Circadian Transcriptional CLOCK(NPAS2)/BMAL1 Complex by CRYPTOCHROMES. Cell Cycle, 5, 890-895. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cc.5.8.2684
[39]
Lee, B., Almad, A., Butcher, G.Q., et al. (2007) Modulates the Phase-Delaying Effects of Light in the Mammalian Circadian Clock. European Journal of Neuroscience, 26, 451-462. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05664.x
[40]
Eide, E.J., Woolf, M.F., Kang, H., et al. (2005) Control of Mammalian Circadian Rhythm by CKI Epsilon-Regulated Proteasome-Mediated PER2 Degradation. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 25, 2795-2807. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/MCB.25.7.2795-2807.2005
[41]
Busino, L., Bassermann, F., Maiolica, A., et al. (2007) SCFFbxl3 Controls the Oscillation of the Circadian Clock by Directing the Degradation of Cryptochrome Proteins. Science, 316, 900-904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1141194
[42]
Cardone, L., Hirayama, J. and Giordano, F. (2005) Circadian Clock Control by SUMOylation of BMAL1. Science, 5739, 1390-1394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1110689
[43]
Cheng, H.Y., Papp, J.W., Varlamova, O., et al. (2007) MicroRNA Modulation of Circadian—Clock Period and Entrainment. Neuron, 54, 813-829. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2007.05.017
[44]
Liu, K. and Wang, R. (2012) mircroRNA-Mediated Regulation in the Mammalian Circadian Rhythm. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 7, 103-110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtbi.2012.03.037
