Dickinson,R.E.,A.Henderson-Sellers,P.J.Kennedy and M.F.Wilson,Biosphere / Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) Version le as Coupled to the NCAR Community Climate Model,NCAR Tech.Note TN-387+STR,National Center for Atmospheric Research,Boulder,CO,1993.
[2]
Deardorff,J.W.,Efficient prediction of ground surface temperature and moisture,with inclusion of a layer of vegetation,J.Geophys.Res.,1978,83(4),1889～1891.
[3]
Avissar,R.and R.A.Pielke,A parameterization of heterogeneous land surface for atmospheric numerical models and its impacts on regional meteorology,Mon.Wea.Rev.,1989,117,2113～2136.
[4]
Koster,R.and M.Suarez,Modeling the land-surface boundary in climate models as a composite of independent vegetation stands,J.Geophys.Res.,1992,97,2697～1715.
[5]
Leung,R.L.and S.J.Ghan,A sub-grid parameterization of orograghic precipitation,Theor.Appl.Climatol.,1995,52,95～118.
[6]
魏和林、符淙斌,下垫面非均匀性的模拟,气候与环境研究,1997,2,106～114.
[7]
Avissar,R.,Conceptual aspects of a statistical-dynamical approach to represent landscape sub-grid heterogeneities in atmospheric models,J.Geophys.Res.,1992,97,2729～2742.
[8]
Famiglietti,J.S.and E.F.Wood,Multi-scale modeling of spatially-variable water and energy balance processes,Water Resour.Res.,1994,30,3061～3078.
[9]
Sivapalan,M.and R.A.Wood,Evaluation of the effects of general circulation model sub-grid variability and patchiness of rainfall and soil moisture on land surface water balance fluxes,Scale Issues in Hydrological Modeling,J.D.Kalma and M.Sivapalan,Eds.,John Wiley and Sons,453～473,1995.
[10]
Li Bin and R.Avissar,The impact of spatial variability of land surface characteristics on land-surface heat fluxes,J.Climate.,1994,7,527～537.
[11]
Giorgi,Filippo,An approach for the representation of surface heterogeneity in land surface heterogeneity in land surface models,Ⅰ:theoretical frame work,Mon.Wea.Rev.,1997,125,1885～1899.
[12]
Giorgi,Filippo,An approach for the representation of surface heterogeneity in land surface heterogeneity inland surface models,Ⅱ:validation and sensitivity experiments,Mon.Wea.Rev.,1997,125,1900～1919.
[13]
Moore,R.J.and R.T.Clarke,A distribution function approach to rainfall runoff modeling,Water Resour.Res.,1981,17,1367～1382.
[14]
Entekhabi,D.and P.Eagleson,Land surface hydrology parameterization for the atmospheric general models including subgrid-scale spatial variability,J.Climate,1989,2,816～831.
[15]
Zeng Xinmin,Zhao Ming and Su Bingkai,A numerical study on effects of land-surface heterogeneity from "combined approach" on atmospheric process,Part Ⅰ:principle and approach,Adv.Atmos.Sci.,2000,17,103～120.
[16]
Zeng Xinmin,Zhao Ming and Su Bingkai,A numerical study on effects of land-surface heterogeneity from"combined approach" on atmospheric process,Part Ⅱ:coupling-model simulations,Adv.Atmos.Sci.,2000,17,441～455.
[17]
Anthes,R.A.,E.Y.Hsie and Y.H.Kuo,Description of the Penn State / NCAR Mesoscale Model Version 4(MM4),NCAR Tech.Note,NCAR/TN-283+STR,1987,66pp.
[18]
Briegleb,B.P.,Delta-Eadington approximation for solar radiation in NCAR community climate model,J.Geoplys.Res.,1992,97,7603～7612.
[19]
Holtslag,A.A.M,E.I.F de Bruijn and H.L.Pan,A high resolution are mass transformation model for shotrange forcasting,Mon.Wea.Rev.,1990,118,1561～1575.
[20]
Holtslag,A.A.M.and B.A.Boville,Local versus nonlocal boundary-layer diffusion in global climate model,J.Climate,1993,6,1825～1842.
