Lee D Y, Min K W. 2002. Statistical features of substorm indicators during geomagnetic storms. J. Geophys. Res., 107(A11): SMP 16-1-SMP 16-12, doi: 10.1029/2002JA009243.
[2]
Li L Y, Cao J B, Zhou G C, et al. 2011. Multiple responses of magnetic field. J. Geophys. Res., 116: A12223, doi: 10.1029/2011JA016816.
[3]
Liou K, Meng C I, Lui A T Y, et al. 2002. Magnetic dipolarization with substorm expansion onset. J. Geophys. Res., 107(A7): SMP 23-1-SMP 23-12, doi: 10.1029/2001JA000179.
[4]
Liou K, Meng C I, Newell P T, et al. 2001. Particle injections with auroral expansions. J. Geophys. Res., 106(A4): 5873-5881. ？ Liu W W, Liang J, Donovan E F, et al. 2012. If substorm onset triggers tail reconnection, what triggers substorm onset?.J. Geophys. Res., 117(A11): A11220, doi: 10. 1029/2012JA018161.
[5]
McPherron R L. 1997. The role of substorms in the generation of magnetic storms. AGU Geophysical Monograph 98,131.
[6]
Miyashita Y, Kamide Y, Machida S, et al. 2004. Difference in magnetotail variations between intense and weak substorms. J. Geophys. Res., 109(A11): A11205, doi: 10.1029/2004JA010588.
[7]
Rostoker G, Samson J C. 1981. Polarization characteristics of Pi2 pulsation and implications for their source mechanisms: location of regions with respect to auroral electrojets. Planet. Space Sci., 29(1): 225-230.
[8]
Rostoker G. 1968. Macrostructure of geomagnetic bays. J. Geophys. Res., 73(13): 4217-4229.
[9]
Saito T, Sakurai T, Koyama Y. 1976. Mechanism of association between Pi2 pulsations and magnetospheric substorm. J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 38(12): 1265-1277.
[10]
Sakurai T, Saito T. 1976. Magnetic pulsation Pi2 and substorm onset. Planet. Space Sci., 24(6): 573-575.
[11]
Snyder C W, Neugebauer M, Rao V R. 1963. The solar wind velocity and itscorrelation with solar and geomagnetic activity. J. Geophys. Res., 68(24): 6361-6370.
[12]
Yeoman T K, Freeman M P, Reeves G D, et al. 1994. A comparison of midlatitude Pi2 pulsations and geostationary orbit particle injections as substorm indicators. J. Geophys. Res., 99(A3): 4085-4093.
[13]
Bonnevier B, Bostrom R, Rostoker G. 1970. A three-dimensional model current system for polar magnetic substorms. J. Geophys. Res., 75: 107-122, doi: 10.1029/JA075i001p00107.
[14]
Cao J B, Wang D J, Zhao H, et al. 2004. Relationship between Pi2 in Beijing and AE indexes. Chinese J. Geophys. (in Chinese), 47(6): 949-953.
[15]
Daglis L A, Livi S, Sarris E T, et al. 1994. Energy density of ionospheric and solar wind origin ions in the near-earth magnetotail during substorms. J. Geophys. Res., 99(A4): 5691-5703, doi: 10.1029/93JA02772.
[16]
Du A M, Tsurutani B T, Sun W. 2011. Solar wind energy input during prolonged, intense Northward interplanetary magnetic fields: A new coupling function. J. Geophys. Res., 116: A12215, doi: 10.1029/2011JA016718.
[17]
Fairfield D H, Cahill L J. 1966. Transition region magnetic field and polar magnetic disturbances. J. Geophys. Res., 71(1): 155-169.
[18]
Kamide Y, Baumjohann W, Daglis I A, et al. 1998. Current understanding of magnetic storms: Storm-substorm relationships. J. Geophys. Res., 103(A8): 17705-17728.
[19]
Kamide Y. 2001. Some "missing" elements of constraint in substorm initiation modeling. J. Atmos. Sol. Terr. Phys., 63(7): 635-642.
[20]
Kennel C. 1992. The Kiruna conjecture: The strong version. // Proceedings of the International Conference on Substorms (ICS-1). Eur. Space Agency Spec. Publ., ESA SP-335, 599.
[21]
Kistler L M, Mouikis C G, Cao C, et al. 2006. Ion composition and pressure changes in storm time and nonstorm substorms in the vicinity of the near-Earth neutral line. J. Geophys. Res., 111(A11): A11222, doi: 10.1029/2006JA011939.
[22]
Kokubun S, McPherron R L. 1981. Substorm signatures at synchronous altitude. J. Geophys. Res., 86(A13): 11265-11277.
[23]
Akasofu S I, Chapman S. 1961. The ring current, geomagnetic disturbance, and the Van Allen radiation belts. J. Geophys. Res., 66(5): 1321-1350.
Baker D N, Pulkkinen T I, Angelpoulos V, et al. 1996. Neutral line model of substorms: Past results and present view. J. Geophys. Res., 101(A6): 12975-13010, doi: 10.1029/95JA03753.
[26]
Baumjohann W, Kamide Y, Nakamura R. 1996. Substorms, storms, and the near-earth tail. J. Geomag. Geoelectr., 48(2): 177-185.
[27]
Du A M, Tsurutani B T, Sun W. 2008. Anomalous geomagnetic storm of 21-22 January 2005: A storm main phase during northward IMFs. J. Geophys. Res., 113 : A10214, doi: 10.1029/2008JA013284.
[28]
Duan S P, Liu Z X, Liang J, et al. 2001. Multiple magnetic dipolarizations observed by THEMIS during a substorm. Ann. Geophys., 29: 331-339, doi: 10.5194/angeo-29-331-2011.
[29]
Gonzalez W D, Joselyn J A, Kamide Y, et al. 1994. What is a geomagnetic storm?.J. Geophys. Res., 99(A4): 5771-5792.
[30]
Hamilton D C, Gloeckler G, Ipavich F M, et al. 1988. Ring current development during the great geomagnetic storm of February 1986. Geophys. Res. Lett., 93(A12): 14343-14355.
[31]
He Z H. 2007. Study on the plasma injection in magnetosphere [Ph. D. thesis]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Sciences (Center for Space Science and Applied Research).
[32]
Hoffman R A, Gjerloev J W, Frank L A, et al. 2010. Are there optical differences between storm-time substorms and isolated substorms?.Ann. Geophys., 28(5): 1183-1198, doi: 10.5194/angeo-28-1183-2010.
[33]
Hones Jr E W. 1979. Transient phenomena in the magnetotail and their relation to substorms. Space Sci. Rev., 23(3): 393-410.
[34]
Hsu T S, McPherron R L. 1998. The main onset of a magnetospheric substorm. // Substorms-4: International Conference on Substorms-4. Terra Sci.: 79-82.
[35]
Huang C S, Foster J C, Goncharenko L P, et al. 2004. Variations of low-latitude geomagnetic fields and Dst index caused by magnetospheric substorms. J. Geophys. Res., 109: A5219, doi: 10.1029/2003JA010334.
[36]
Kamide Y, Maltsev Y P. 2007. Geomagnetic storms. // Handbook of the Solar-Terrestrial Environment. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer, 355-374.
[37]
Li L Y, Cao J B, Zhou G C, et al. 2009. Statistical roles of storms and substorms in changing the entire outer zone relativistic electron population. J. Geophys. Res., 114 : A12214, doi: 10.1029/2009JA014333.
[38]
Liu W W, Rostoker G. 1995. Energetic ring current particles generated by recurring substorm cycles. J. Geophys. Res., 100(A11): 21897-21910, doi: 10.1029/95JA01934.
[39]
Liu Z X, Pu Z Y, Shen C. 1998. The whole process of magnetospheric substorms and storms. 100 Scientific Puzzles of the 21st Century. Changchun: Jilin People''s Publishing House.
[40]
Liu Z X. 2005. Space Physics. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology Press, 148.
[41]
Lui A T Y. 1991. A synthesis of magnetospheric substorm models. J. Geophys. Res., 96: 1849-1856, doi: 10.1029/90JA02430.
[42]
Lui A T Y. 1996. Current disruption in the Earth''s magnetosphere: Observation and models. J. Geophys. Res., 101(A6): 13067-13088, doi: 10.1029/96JA00079.
[43]
Lui A T Y. 2009. Comment on "Tail reconnection triggering substorm onset". Science, 324(5933): 1391-1391.
[44]
McPherron R L, Hsu T S. 2002. A comparison of substorms occurring during magnetic storms with those occurring during quiet times. J. Geophys. Res., 107(A9): SMP 23-1-SMP 23-16, doi: 10.1029/2001JA002008.
[45]
McPherron R L, Russell C T, Aubry M P. 1973. Satellite studies of magnetospheric substorms on August 15, 1968 Phenomenological model for substorms. J. Geophys. Res., 78(16): 3131-3149, doi: 10.1029/JA078i016p03131.
[46]
Miyashita Y, Machida S, Mukai T, et al. 2000. A statistical study of variations in the near and middistant magnetotail associated with substorm onsets: Geotail observations. J. Geophys. Res., 105(A7): 15913-15930.
[47]
Miyashita Y, Miyoshi Y, Matsumoto Y, et al. 2005. Geotail observations of signatures in the near-Earth magnetotail for the extremely intense substorms of the 30 October 2003 storm. J. Geophys. Res., 110(A9): A09S25, doi: 10.1029/2005JA011070.
[48]
Nagai T, Fujimoto M, Nakamura R, et al. 2005. Solar wind control of the radial distance of the magnetic reconnection site in the magnetotail. J. Geophys. Res., 110(A9): A09208, doi: 10.1029/2005JA011207.
[49]
Nagai T. 1982. Observed magnetic substorm signatures at synchronous altitude. J. Geophys. Res., 87(A6): 4405-4417.
[50]
Olson J V. 1999. Pi2 pulsations and substorm onsets. J. Geophys. Res., 104(A8): 17499-17520.
[51]
Rostoker G. 1974. Current flow in the magnetosphere during magnetospheric substorms. J. Geophys. Res., 79: 1994-1998, doi: 10.1029/JA079i013p01994.
[52]
Samson J C. 1981. Pi2 pulsations: high latitude results. Planet. Space Sci., 30(12): 1239-1247.
[53]
Smith E J, Slavin A, Zwickle R D, et al. 1986. Shocks and storm sudden commencements. // Solar Wind-Magnetospere Coupling. Terra. Scientific, Tokyo, 345-365.
[54]
Sun W, Akasofu S I. 2000. On the formation of the storm time ring current belt. J. Geophys. Res., 105(A3): 5411-5418, doi: 10.1029/1999JA000339.
[55]
Takahash K, Anderson B J, Ohtani S, et al. 1997. Drift shell splitting of energetic ions injected at pseudo-substorm onsets. J. Geophys. Res., 102(A10): 22117-22130.
[56]
Wang R S, Du A M, Lu Q M, et al. 2010. Mid-tail magnetic reconnection triggering substorm: A case study. Chinese J.Geophys. (in Chinese), 53(5): 1028-1033, doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0001-5733.2010.05.002.
[57]
Xu W Y. 2009. Physics of Electromagnetic Phenomena of the Earth. Hefei: Press of University of Science and Technology of China, 336
[58]
Yao L. 2009. Study on the near-earth magnetotail dynamics: based on double star TC-1 spacecraft observations[Ph. D. thesis]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Sciences (Center for Space Science and Applied Research).
