Billings W D. Adaptations and origins of alpine plants. Arctic and Alpine Research, 1974, 6(2): 129-142.
[3]
Krner C. Alpine Plant Life: Functional Plant Eecology of High Mountain Ecosystems. New York: Springer Verlag, 1999.
[4]
Bingham R A, Ortnner A R. Efficient pollination of alpine plants. Nature, 1998, 391: 238-239.
[5]
Kud G, Molau U. Variations in reproductive traits at florescence and flower levels of an arctic legume. Astragalus alpinus L.: Comparisons between a subalpine and an alpine population. Plant Species Biology, 1999, 14: 181-191.
[6]
Iwasa Y, Cohen D. Optimal growth schedule of a perennial plant. The American Naturalist, 1989, 133(4): 480-505.
Fan D M, Yang Y P. Altitudinal variations in flower and bulbil production of an alpine perennial, Polygonum viviparum (Polygonaceae). Plant Biology, 2009, 11(3): 493-497.
Smithson, Macnair M. Frequency-dependent selection by pollinators: mechanism and consequences with regard to behaviour of bumblebees Bombus terrestris (L.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 1996, 9: 571-588.
[18]
Waser N M, Price M V. Pollinator choice and stabilizing selection for flower color in Delphinium nelsonii. Evolution, 1981, 35: 376-390.
[19]
钦俊德. 昆虫与植物的关系-论昆虫与植物的相互作用及其演化. 北京: 科学出版社, 1987.
[20]
Brown B A, Clegg M T. Influence of flower color polymorphism on genetic transmission in a natural population of the common morning glory, Ipomoea purpurea. Evolution, 1984, 38: 796-803.
[21]
Dickson C R, Petit S. Effect of individual height and labellum colour on the pollination of Caladenia (syn. Arachnorchis) behrii (Orchidaceae) in the northern Adelaide region, South Australia. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 2006, 262: 65-74.
[22]
Happer J L. The Population Biology of Plants. San Diego: Academic Press, 1977: 424-449.
[23]
Marcos M, Traveset A. Sexual allocation in single-flowered hermaphroditic individual in relation to plant and flower size. Oecologia, 2003, 137: 69-75.
Zhao Z G, Du G Z, Zhou X H, et al. Variations with altitude in reproductive traits and resource allocation of three Tibetan species of Ranunculaceae. Australian Journal of Botany, 2006, 54: 691-700.
Klinkhamer P G L, De Jong T J, Metz H. Sex and size in cosexual plants. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 1997, 12: 260-265.
[32]
Wright S I, Barrett S C H. Size-dependent gender modification in a hermaphroditic perennial herb. Proceedings of the Royal Society Ser B, 1999, 266: 225-232.
[33]
Totland O. Environment-dependent pollen limitation and selection on floral traits in an alpine species. Ecology, 2001, 82(8): 2233-2244.
Worley A C, Baker A M, Thompson J D, et al. Floral display in Narcissus: Variation in flower size and number at the species, population, and individual levels. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 2000, 161: 69-79.
[38]
Worley A C, Berrett S C H. Evolution of floral display in Eichhornia paniculata (Pontederiaceae): Genetic correlations between flower size and number. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 2001, 14: 469-481.
[39]
Worley A C, Berrett S C H. Evolution of floral display in Eichhornia paniculata (Pontederiaceae): Direct and correlated response to selection on flower size and number. Evolution, 2000, 54: 1533-1545.
[40]
Sato H, Yahara. Trade-offs between flower number and investment to a flower in selfing and outcrossing varieties of Impatiens hypophylla (Balsalminaceae). American Journal of Botany, 1999, 86: 1699-1707.
Hautier Y, Randin C F, Stocklin J, et al. Changes in reproductive investment with altitude in an alpine plant. Journal of Plant Ecology, 2009, 2(3): 125-134.