6 Dai Y J, Zeng X B, Dickinson R E, et al. The common land model (CLM). Bull Amer Meterol Soc, 2003, 84: 1013-1023??
[4]
7 Yang Z L, Dickinson R E. Description of the Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS) for the soil moisture workshop and evaluation of its performance. Global Planet Change, 1996, 13: 117-134??
[5]
8 Sellers P J, Coauthors. A revised land surface parameterization (SiB2) for atmospheric GCMs. Part I: Model formulation. J Clim, 1996, 9:676-705??
[6]
12 Zhang Y, Lü S H. Development and validation of a simple f rozen soil parameterization scheme used for climate model. Adv Atmos Sci,2002, 19: 513-527??
20 Collins W D, Rasch P J, Boville B A, et al. The formulation and atmospheric simulation of the Community Atmosphere Model Version3 (CAM3). J Clim, 2006, 19: 2144-2161??
22 Wang C H, Cheng G D, Deng A J, et al. Numerical simulation on climate effects of freezing-thawing processes using CCM3. Sci Cold Arid Regions, 2008, 1: 68-79
[11]
23 Viterbo P, Beljaars A, Mahfouf J F, et al. The representation of soil moisture freezing and its impact on the stable boundary layer. Quart J Roy Meteorol Soc, 1999, 125: 2401-2426??
25 Collins W D, Rasch P J, Boville B A, et al. Description of the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (CAM 3.0), Technical Report NCAR/TN-464+STR, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, 2004. 210
[14]
26 徐学祖, 王家澄, 张立新. 冻土物理学. 北京: 科学出版社, 2001
[15]
27 Fuchs M, Campbell G S, Papendick R I. An analysis of sensible and latent heat flow in a partially frozen unsaturated soil. Soil Sci Soc,1978, 42: 379-385??
[16]
31 李建平. 全球大气环流气候图集: Ⅰ.气候平均态. 北京: 气象出版社, 2001
[17]
1 Zhang T J, Barry R G, Knowles K, et al. Statistics and characteristics of permafrost and ground ice distribution in the Northern Hemisphere. Pol Geogr, 1999, 23: 147-169
11 Gao Z Q, Chae N, Kim J, et al. Modeling of surface energy partitioning, surface temperature and soil wetness in the Tibetan prairie using the Simple Biosphere Model 2 (SiB2). J Geophys Res, 2004, 109: D06102
[23]
13 Zhao L, Cray D M, Male D H. Numerical analysis of simultaneous heat and water transfer during infiltration into frozen ground. J Hydrol,1997, 200: 345-363??
[24]
14 Jordan R. A one dimensional temperature model for a snow cover-Technical Documentation for THERM.89. US. Army Corps of Engineers, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Special Report 91-16, 1991
16 Li Q, Sun S F, Xue Y K. analyses and development of a hierarchy of frozen soil models for cold region study. J Geophys Res, 2010, 115: D03107, doi: 10.1029/2009JD012530??
[27]
17 Niu G Y, Yang Z L. Effects of frozen soil on snowmelt runoff and soil water storage at a continental scale. J Hydrometeorol, 2006, 7: 937-952??
28 Clapp B J, Hornberger G M. Empirical equations for some soil hydraulic properties. Water Resour Res, 1978, 14: 601-604??
[30]
29 Guo D L, Yang M X, Wang H J. Sensible and latent heat flux response to diurnal variation in soil surface temperature and moisture under different freeze/thaw soil conditions in the seasonal frozen soil region of the central Tibetan Plateau. Environ Earth Sci, 2011, 63: 97-107??
[31]
30 Guo D L, Yang M X, Wang H J. Characteristics of land surface heat and water exchange under different soil freeze/thaw conditions over the central Tibetan Plateau. Hydrol Process, 2011, 25: 2531-2541??