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科西河跨境流域水旱灾害与防治

DOI: 10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2012.08.0908, PP. 908-915

Keywords: 科西河,跨界流域,冰湖溃决,洪水,干旱

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Abstract:

科西河流域是恒河的一个重要支流,地跨中国、尼泊尔和印度3个国家,流域面积7.15万km2,流域具有世界上最大的高差(从海拔8848m的珠穆朗玛峰到海拔60m的恒河平原),最为完整的气候、土壤和植被带谱。流域发育有罕见的多类型水旱灾害,主要有冰湖溃决、洪水、干旱、水土流失等。通过实地调查这一代表性跨界流域的水文、气象、地质、地貌、土壤植被和区域社会经济等基本特征并结合已有的研究资料,揭示流域冰湖溃决、洪水、干旱等水旱灾害的特征和时空发育规律。流域冰湖溃决灾害集中于科西河流域上级支流,灾害损失巨大,并由于溃决洪水的侵蚀,沿途链状滑坡泥石流灾害发育;洪水灾害主要集中于流域下游,在相对较高标准的防洪体系中,洪水灾害是自然因素和人为因素相结合产生的,并造成流域水土流失严重;干旱灾害范围大,年内持续时间长,并且由于人口增加和生态退化进一步严重化。最后,依据流域水旱灾害特点,提出一系列减灾策略与措施。

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