1 RH W, Lin D T, Hartwick M B. Alloimmunization following blood transfusion. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 1989, 113: 254-261
[2]
2 Ambruso D R, Githens J H, Alcorn R, et al. Experience with donors matched for minor blood group antigens in patients with sickle cellanemia who are receiving chronic transfusion therapy. Transfusion, 1987, 27: 94-98？？
[3]
3 Fluit C R, Kunst V A, Drenthe-Schonk A M. Incidence of red cell antibodies after multiple blood transfusion. Transfusion, 1990, 30:532-535？？
[4]
4 Vichinsky E P, Earles A, Johnson R A, et al. Alloimmunization in sickle cell anemia and transfusion of racially unmatched blood. New EngJ Med, 1990, 322: 1617-1621？？
[5]
5 Michail-Merianou V, Pamphili-Panousopoulou L, Piperi-Lowes L, et al. Alloimmunization to red cell antigens in thalassemia: comparativestudy of usual versus better-match transfusion programmes. Vox Sang, 1987, 52: 95-98？？
[6]
6 McPherson M E, Anderson A R, Haight A E, et al. Transfusion management of sickle cell patients during bone marrow transplantation withmatched sibling donor. Transfusion, 2009, 49: 1977-1986？？
[7]
7 Shulman I A. Prophylactic phenotype matching of donors for the transfusion of nonalloimmunized patients with sickle cell disease.Immunohematology, 2006, 22: 101-102
[8]
8 Castro O, Sandler S G, Houston-Yu P, et al. Predicting the effect of transfusing only phenotype-matched RBCs to patients with sickle celldisease: theoretical and practical implications. Transfusion, 2002, 42: 684-690？？
[9]
9 Scott M D, Murad K L, Koumpouras F, et al. Chemical camouflage of antigenic determinants: stealth erythrocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1997, 94: 7566-7571？？
[10]
10 Murad K L, Mahany K L, Brugnara C, et al. Structural and functional consequences of antigenic modulation of red blood cells withmethoxypoly(ethylene glycol). Blood, 1999, 93: 2121-2127
[11]
11 Bradley A J, Test S T, Murad K L, et al. Interactions of IgM ABO antibodies and complement with methoxy-PEG-modified human RBCs.Transfusion, 2001, 41: 1225-1233？？
[12]
12 Bradley A J, Murad K L, Regan K L, et al. Biophysical consequences of linker chemistry and polymer size on stealth erythrocytes: size doesmatter. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2002, 1561: 147-158？？
[13]
13 Bradley A J, Scott M D. Separation and purification of methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) grafted red blood cells via two-phase partitioning. JChromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci, 2004, 807: 163-168？？
[14]
14 Bradley A J, Scott M D. Immune complex binding by immunocamouflaged
[15]
[poly(ethylene glycol)-grafted] erythrocytes. Am J Hematol,2007, 82: 970-975？？
[16]
15 Armstrong J K, Meiselman H J, Fisher T C. Covalent binding of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to the surface of red blood cells inhibitsaggregation and reduces low shear blood viscosity. Am J Hematol, 1997, 56: 26-28？？
[17]
16 Armstrong J K, Meiselman H J, Wenby R B, et al. Modulation of red blood cell aggregation and blood viscosity by the covalent attachmentof Pluronic copolymers. Biorheology, 2001, 38: 239-247
[18]
17 Hortin G L, Lok H T, Huang S T. Progress toward preparation of universal donor red cells. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol,1997, 25: 487-491？？
[19]
18 Tan Y, Qiu Y, Xu H, et al. Decreased immunorejection in unmatched blood transfusions by attachment of methoxypolyethylene glycol onhuman red blood cells and the effect on D antigen. Transfusion, 2006, 46: 2122-2127？？
[20]
19 Tan Y, Ji S, Li S, et al. Comparative assessment of normal and methoxypolyethylene glycol-modified murine red cells on swimmingendurance and hippocampal injury in hypoxic mice. Transfusion, 2008, 48: 1954-1958？？
[21]
20 Le Y, Scott M D. Immunocamouflage: the biophysical basis of immunoprotection by grafted methoxypoly(ethylene glycol)
[22]
[mpeg]. ActaBiomater, 2010, 6: 2631-2641
[23]
21 Chen A M, Scott M D. Immunocamouflage: prevention of transfusion-induced graft-versus-host disease via polymer grafting of donor cells.J Biomed Mater Res A, 2003, 67: 626-636
[24]
22 Chen A M, Scott M D. Comparative analysis of polymer and linker chemistries on the efficacy of immunocamouflage of murine leukocytes.Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol, 2006, 34: 305-322？？
[25]
25 Beattie K M, Shafer A W. Broadening the base of a rare donor program by targeting minority populations. Transfusion, 1986, 26: 401-404？？
[26]
26 Thompson A A. Advances in the management of sickle cell disease. Pediatr Blood Cancer, 2006, 46: 533-539？？
[27]
27 Murad K L, Gosselin E J, Eaton J W, et al. Stealth cells: prevention of major histocompatibility complex class II-mediated T-cell activationby cell surface modification. Blood, 1999, 94: 2135-2141
[28]
28 Hughes-Jones N C, Gardner B, Lincoln P J. Observation of the number of available c, D, and E antigen sites on red cells. Vox Sang, 1971,21: 210-216？？
[29]
29 Masouredis S P, Sudora E, Mahan L, et al. Quatitative immunoferritin microscopy of Fy-a, Fy-b, Jk-a, U, and Di-b antigen site numbers onhuman red cells. Blood, 1980, 56: 969-977
[30]
30 Skov F, Hughes-Jones N C. Observations on the number of available C antigen sites on red cells. Vox Sang, 1977, 33: 170-174？？
[31]
31 Richter A W, Akerblom E. Antibodies against polyethylene glycol produced in animals by immunization with monomethoxy polyethyleneglycol modified proteins. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1983, 70: 124-131？？
[32]
32 Richter A W, Akerblom E. Polyethylene glycol reactive antibodies in man: titer distribution in allergic patients treated with monomethoxypolyethylene glycol modified allergens or placebo, and in healthy blood donors. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 1984, 74: 36-39？？
[33]
33 Armstrong J K, Hempel G, Koling S, et al. Antibody against poly(ethylene glycol) adversely affects PEG-asparaginase therapy in acutelymphoblastic leukemia patients. Cancer, 2007, 110: 103-111？？
[34]
34 Garratty G. Modulating the red cell membrane to produce universal/stealth donor red cells suitable for transfusion. Vox Sang, 2008, 94: 87-95
[35]
35 Sutton T C, Scott M D. The effect of grafted methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) chain length on the inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) infection and proliferation. Biomaterials, 2010, 31: 4223-4230？？
[36]
36 Martin S. Fundamentals of Immunology for Blood Bankers. In: Harmening, ed. Modern Blood Banking and Transfusion Practices. 4th ed.Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: F.A. Davis Company, 1994. 43-68
[37]
23 Reid M E, Lomas-Francis C. The Blood Group Antigen Facts Book. San Diego: Academic Press, 2003
[38]
24 Issitt P D. Race-related red cell alloantibody problems. Br J Biomed Sci, 1994, 51: 158-167
