Time-dependent Hartree-Fock calculations for multinucleon transfer processes in $^{40,48}$Ca+$^{124}$Sn, $^{40}$Ca+$^{208}$Pb, and $^{58}$Ni+$^{208}$Pb reactions

Multinucleon transfer processes in heavy-ion reactions at energies slightly above the Coulomb barrier are investigated in a fully microscopic framework of the time-dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF) theory. Transfer probabilities are calculated from the TDHF wave function after collision using the projection operator method which has recently been proposed by Simenel (C. Simenel, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 192701 (2010)). We show results of the TDHF calculations for transfer cross sections of the reactions of $^{40,48}$Ca+$^{124}$Sn at $E_{lab}=$ 170, 174 MeV, $^{40}$Ca+$^{208}$Pb at $E_{lab}=$ 235, 249 MeV, and $^{58}$Ni+$^{208}$Pb at $E_{lab}=$ 328.4 MeV, for which measurements are available. We find the transfer processes show different behaviors depending on the $N/Z$ ratios of the projectile and the target, and the product of the charge numbers, $Z_P Z_T$. When the projectile and the target have different $N/Z$ ratios, fast transfer processes of a few nucleons towards the charge equilibrium of the initial system occur in reactions at large impact parameters. As the impact parameter decreases, a neck formation is responsible for the transfer. A number of nucleons are transferred by the neck breaking when two nuclei dissociate, leading to transfers of protons and neutrons in the same direction. Comparing cross sections by theory and measurements, we find the TDHF theory describes the transfer cross sections of a few nucleons reasonably. As the number of transferred nucleons increases, the agreement becomes less accurate. The TDHF calculation overestimates transfer cross sections accompanying a large number of neutrons when more than one proton are transferred. Comparing our results with those by other theories, we find the TDHF calculations give qualitatively similar results to those of direct reaction models such as GRAZING and Complex WKB.