IPCC. Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis[M]. Cambridge, UK and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007.
[2]
Luo Dongliang, Jin Huijun, Lin Lin, et al. Degradation of permafrost and cold-environments on the interior and eastern Qinghai plateau[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2012, 34(3): 538-546. [罗栋梁, 金会军, 林琳, 等. 青海高原中、 东部多年冻土及寒区环境退化[J]. 冰川冻土, 2012, 34(3): 538-546.]
[3]
Wang Jiaoyue, Song Changchun, Wang Xuanwei, et al. Progress in the study of effects of freezing-thaw processes on organic carbon pool and microorganisms in soil[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2011, 33(3): 442-452. [王娇月, 宋长春, 王宪伟, 等. 冻融作用对土壤有机碳库及微生物的影响研究进展[J]. 冰川冻土, 2011, 33(2): 442-452.]
[4]
Edward A G S, Benjamin A. Climate change: High risk of permafrost thaw[J]. Nature, 2011, 480: 32-33.
[5]
Kato T, Hirota M, Tang Y H, et al. Strong temperature dependence and no moss photosynthesis in winter CO2 flux for a Kobresia meadow on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2005, 37: 1966-1969.
[6]
Pei Zhiyong, Ou Yanghua, Zhou Caiping. A study on carbon fluxes from alpine grassland ecosystem on Tibetan Plateau[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2003, 23: 231-236. [裴志永, 欧阳华, 周才平. 青藏高原高寒草原碳排放及其迁移过程研究[J]. 生态学报, 2003, 23: 231-236.]
[7]
Tian Yuqiang, Gao Qiong, Zhang Zhicai, et al. The advances in study on plant photosynthesis and soil respiration of alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2009, 18(2): 711-721. [田玉强, 高琼, 张智才, 等. 青藏高原高寒草地植物光合与土壤呼吸研究进展[J]. 生态环境学报, 2009, 18(2): 711-721.]
[8]
Du Y G, Cui Y G, Xu X L, et al. Nitrous oxide emissions from two alpine meadows in the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau[J]. Plant and Soil, 2008, 311: 245-254.
[9]
Du Yangong, Cao Guangmin, Deng Yongcui, et al. Characterization of and the Effect of Freezing-throwing on N2O emission in an alpine Potentilla fruticosa shrub meadow[J]. Journal of Mountain Science, 2009, 27(6): 688-697. [杜岩功, 曹广民, 邓永翠, 等. 金露梅灌丛草甸氧化亚氮排放特征及冻融交替的影响研究[J]. 山地学报, 2009, 27(6): 688-697.]
[10]
Jin Huijun, Wu Jun, Cheng Guodong, et al. Wetland methane emission evaluation on the Tibetan Plateau[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 1999, 44(16): 1758-1762. [金会军, 吴军, 程国栋, 等. 青藏高原湿地CH4排放评估[J]. 科学通报, 1999, 44(16): 1758-1762.]
[11]
Wei Da, Xu Ri, Wang Yinghong, et al. CH4, N2O and CO2 fluxes and correlation with environmental factors of alpine steppe grassland in Nam Co region of Tibetan Plateau[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2011, 19(3): 412-419. [魏达, 旭日, 王迎红, 等. 青藏高原纳木错高寒草原温室气体通量及与环境因子关系研究[J]. 草地学报, 2011, 19(3): 412-419.]
[12]
Cao Guangmin, Li Yingnian, Zhang Jinxia, et al. Effect of soil circumstances biogeochemical factors on carbon dioxide emission from Mollic-Gryic Cambisols[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica, 2001, 9(4): 307-312. [曹广民, 李英年, 张金霞, 等. 环境因子对暗沃寒冻雏形土土壤CO2释放速率的影响[J]. 草地学报, 2001, 9(4): 307-312.]
[13]
Wang Junfeng, Wang Genxu, Wu Qingbai. A Study of CO2 Fluxes from the high-cold swamp meadows with different degradation on the hinterland of Tibetan Plateau during growing season[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2008, 30(3): 408-414. [王俊峰, 王根绪, 吴青柏. 青藏高原腹地不同退化程度高寒沼泽草甸生长季节CO2排放通量及其主要环境控制因子研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2008, 30(3): 408-414.]
[14]
Zhou Dangwei, Cao Guangmin, Zhang jinxia, et al. CO2 flux characteristics from degenerated mat cryo-sod soil during plant growing period[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2003, 14(3): 367-371. [周党卫, 曹广民, 张金霞, 等. 植物生长季退化草毡寒冻雏形土CO2释放特征[J]. 应用生态学报, 2003, 14(3): 367-371.]
[15]
Wang Junfeng, Wang Genxu, Wu Qingbai. Influence of degradation of the swamp and alpine meadows on CH4 and CO2 fluxes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau[J]. China Environmental Science, 2009, 29(5): 474-480. [王俊峰, 王根绪, 吴青柏. 沼泽与高寒草甸退化对CH4和CO2通量的影响[J]. 中国环境科学, 2009, 29(5): 474-480.]
[16]
Zhao Yonghua, Du Erji, Liu Guangyue, et al. Study of soil methane production rate from marsh meadow in permafrost regions on Tibetan plateau[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2011, 33(5): 999-1005. [赵拥华, 杜二计, 刘广岳, 等. 青藏高原多年冻土区沼泽草甸土壤CH4产生速率研究[J]. 冰川冻土, 2011, 33(5): 999-1005.]
[17]
Wang Xuejia, Yang Meixue, Wan Guoning. Processes of soil thawing-freezing and features of ground temperature and moisture at D105 on the northern Tibetan Plateau[J]. Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology, 2012, 34(1): 56-63. [王学佳, 杨梅学, 万国宁. 藏北高原D105点土壤冻融状况与温湿特征分析[J]. 冰川冻土, 2012, 34(1): 56-63.]
[18]
Song Changchun, Wang Yiyong, Wang Yuesi, et al. Dynamics of CO2, CH4, and N2O emission fluxes from Mires during freezing and thawing season[J]. Environmental Science, 2005, 26(4): 7-12. [宋长春, 王毅勇, 王跃思, 等. 季节性冻融期沼泽湿地CO2、 CH4和N2O排放动态[J]. 环境科学, 2005, 26(4): 7-12.]
[19]
Morkved P T, D？sch P, Henriksen T M, et al. N2O emissions and product ratios of nitrification and denitrification as affected by freezing and thawing[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2006, 38: 3411-3420.
[20]
Wu X, Brüggemann N, Gasche R, et al. Environmental controls over soil-atmosphere exchange of N2O, NO and CO2 in a temperate Norway spruce forest[J]. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2012, doi: 10. 1029/2009GB003616.
[21]
Goldberg S D, Borken W, Gebauer G. N2O emission in a Norway spruce forest due to soil frost: concentration and isotope profiles shed a new light on an old story[J]. Biogeochemistry, 2009, 97(1): 21-30.
[22]
Liu W J, Chen S Y, Qin X, et al. Storage, patterns, and controls of soil organic carbon and nitrogen in the northeastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau[J]. Environmental Research Letters, 2012, 7 035401. DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/7/3/035401.
[23]
Chen Shengyun, Liu Wenjie, Ye Baisheng, et al. Species diversity of vegetation in relation to biomass and environmental factors in the upper area of the Shule River[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica, 2011, 20(3): 70-83. [陈生云, 刘文杰, 叶柏生, 等. 疏勒河上游地区植被物种多样性和生物量及其与土壤环境的关系[J]. 草业学报, 2011, 20(3): 70-83.]
[24]
Sheng Yu, Li Jing, Wu Jichun, et al. Distribution patterns of permafrost in the upper area of Shule River with the application of GIS technique[J]. Journal of China University of Mining and Technology, 2010, 39(1): 32-39. [盛煜, 李静, 吴吉春, 等. 基于GIS的疏勒河流域上游多年冻土分布特征[J]. 中国矿业大学学报, 2010, 39(1): 32-39.]
[25]
Xia Kun, Luo Yong, Li Weiping. Simulation of freezing and melting of soil on the northeast Tibetan Plateau[J]. Chinese Science Bull, 2011, 56(22): 1828-1838. [夏坤, 罗勇, 李伟平. 青藏高原东北部土壤冻融过程的数值模拟[J]. 科学通报, 2011, 56(22): 1828-1838.]
[26]
Guan Songyin. Soil Enzyme and Study Methods[M]. Beijing: China Agricultural Press, 1986.
[27]
Ding Lingling. Properties of Microorganism Communities under Different Alpine Grasslands in Eastern Qilian Mountain. Lanzhou: Gansu Agricultural University, 2005. [丁玲玲. 东祁连山不同高寒草地土壤微生物群落特征. 兰州: 甘肃农业大学硕士论文, 2005.]
[28]
Yu J B, Liu J S, Sun Z G, et al. The fluxes and controlling factors of N2O and CH4 emissions from freshwater marsh in Northeast China[J]. Science China(Series D), 2010, 53(5): 700-709.
[29]
Mikan C J, Schimel J P, Doyle A P. Temperature controls of microbial respiration in arctic tundra and soils above and be low freezing[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2002, 34: 1785-1795.
[30]
Bubier J, Crill P, Mosedale A. Net ecosystem CO2 exchange measured by autochambers during the snow-covered season at a temperate peatland[J]. Hydrological Processes, 2002, 16: 3667-3682.
[31]
Yang Honglu, Qin Jihong, Sun Hui. A Review: Response of Soil CO2 and N2O Emissions to Freeze-Thaw Pattern Change[J]. Soils, 2010, 42(4): 526-525. [杨红露, 秦纪洪, 孙辉. 冻融交替对土壤CO2及N2O释放效应的研究进展[J]. 土壤, 2010, 42(4): 526-525.]
[32]
Wagner D, Kobabe S, Pfeiffer E M, et al. Microbial controls on methane fluxes from polygonal tundra of the Lena Delta, Siberia[J]. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes, 2003, 14: 173-185.
[33]
Cao Guangmin, Lin Li, Li Yikang, et al. Effect of plant in atmosphere methane cycle[J]. Pratacultural Science, 2010, 27(7): 141-146. [曹广民, 林丽, 李以康, 等. 绿色植物在大气甲烷循环中的作用[J]. 草业科学, 2010, 27(7): 141-146.]
[34]
Chen H, Wu N, Gao Y S, et al. Spatial variations on methane emissions from Zoige alpine wetland s of Southwest China [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2009, 407: 1097-1104.
[35]
Du Rui, Wang Gengchen, Lü Daren. Effect of grazing on microbiological process of N2O production in grassland soils[J]. Environment Science, 2001, 22(4): 11-15. [杜睿, 王庚辰, 吕达仁. 放牧对草原土壤N2O及微生物的影响[J]. 环境科学, 2001, 22(4): 11-15.]
[36]
Teepe R, Brummer R, Beese F. Nitrous oxide emissions from soil during freezing and thawing periods [J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2001, 33(9): 1269-1275.
[37]
Sommerfeld R A, Mosier A R, Messelman R C. CO2, CH4 and N2O flux through a Wyoming snowpack and implications for global budgets[J]. Nature, 1993, 361: 140-142.
[38]
Callesen I, Borken W, Kalbitz K, et al. Long-term development of nitrogen fluxes in a coniferous ecosystem: Does soil freezing trigger nitrate leaching[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, 2007, 170: 189-196.
[39]
Anisimov O A. Potential feedback of thawing permafrost to the global climate system through methane emission[J]. Environmental Research Letters, 2007, 4(4): 045016, doi: 10.1088/17489326/2/4/045016.
