This paper proposes an approach for acoustic emission (AE) source localization in a large marble stone using distributed feedback (DFB) fiber lasers. The aim of this study is to detect damage in structures such as those found in civil applications. The directional sensitivity of DFB fiber laser is investigated by calculating location coefficient using a method of digital signal analysis. In this, autocorrelation is used to extract the location coefficient from the periodic AE signal and wavelet packet energy is calculated to get the location coefficient of a burst AE source. Normalization is processed to eliminate the influence of distance and intensity of AE source. Then a new location algorithm based on the location coefficient is presented and tested to determine the location of AE source using a Delta (Δ) DFB fiber laser rosette configuration. The advantage of the proposed algorithm over the traditional methods based on fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) include the capability of: having higher strain resolution for AE detection and taking into account two different types of AE source for location.
References
[1]
Carpinteri, A.; Lacidogna, G.; Pugno, N. Structural damage diagnosis and life-time assessment by acoustic emission monitoring. Eng. Fract. Mech. 2007, 74, 273–289.
[2]
Tan, A.C.C.; Kaphle, M.; Thambiratnam, D. Structural Health Monitoring of Bridges Using Acoustic Emission Technology. Proceedings of 8th International Conference on the Reliability, Maintainability and Safety, 2009 (ICRMS 2009), Chengdu, China, 20–24 July 2009; pp. 839–843.
[3]
Nair, A.; Cai, C. Acoustic emission monitoring of bridges: Review and case studies. Eng. Struct. 2010, 32, 1704–1714.
[4]
Kageyama, K.; Murayama, H.; Ohsawa, I.; Kanai, M.; Nagata, K.; Machijima, Y.; Matsumura, F. Acoustic emission monitoring of a reinforced concrete structure by applying new fiber-optic sensors. Smart Mater. Struct. 2005, 14, S52–S59.
[5]
Matsuo, T.; Cho, H.; Takemoto, M. Optical fiber acoustic emission system for monitoring molten salt attack. Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 2006, 7, 104–110.
[6]
Liang, S.; Zhang, C.; Lin, W.; Li, L.; Li, C.; Feng, X.; Lin, B. Fiber-optic intrinsic distributed acoustic emission sensor for large structure health monitoring. Opt. Lett. 2009, 34, 1858–1860.
[7]
Tsuda, H.; Takahashi, J.; Urabe, K.; Ikeguchi, T. Damage monitoring of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics with Michelson interferometric fiber-optic sensors. J. Mater. Sci. 1999, 34, 4163–4172.
[8]
Qin, Y.; Liang, Y.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, G. Experimental Study on an Optical Fiber Acoustic Emission Sensor Array. Proceedings of Laser Physics and Laser Technologies and 2010 Academic Symposium on Optoelectrinics Technology, Harbin, China, 28 July 2010–1 August 2010; pp. 299–302.
[9]
Liang, Y.; Mu, L.; Liu, J.; Yu, X. Combined optical fiber interferometric sensors for the detection of acoustic emission. Optoelectron. Lett. 2008, 4, 184–187.
[10]
Finkel, P.; Miller, R.; Finlayson, R.; Borinski, J. Development of fiber optic acoustic emission sensors. Rev. Prog. Quant. Nondestruct. Eval. 2001, 557, 1844–1851.
[11]
Takeda, S.; Okabe, Y.; Yamamoto, T.; Takeda, N. Detection of edge delamination in CFRP laminates under cyclic loading using small-diameter FBG sensors. Compos. Sci. Technol. 2003, 63, 1885–1894.
[12]
Read, I.; Foote, P.; Murray, S. Optical fibre acoustic emission sensor for damage detection in carbon fibre composite structures. Meas. Sci. Technol. 2002, 13(N5–N9).
[13]
Tsuda, H.; Kumakura, K.; Ogihara, S. Ultrasonic sensitivity of strain-insensitive fiber Bragg grating sensors and evaluation of ultrasound-induced strain. Sensors 2010, 10, 11248–11258.
Lee, J.R.; Tsuda, H. A novel fiber Bragg grating acoustic emission sensor head for mechanical tests. Scr. Mater. 2005, 53, 1181–1186.
[16]
Minardo, A.; Cusano, A.; Bernini, R.; Zeni, L.; Giordano, M. Response of fiber Bragg gratings to longitudinal ultrasonic waves. IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 2005, 52, 304–312.
[17]
Wild, G.; Hinckley, S. Fiber Bragg Grating Sensors for Acoustic Emission and Transmission Detection Applied to Robotic NDE in Structural Health Monitoring. Proceedings of IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium, San Diego, CA, USA, 6–8 February 2007; pp. 1–6.
[18]
Jiang, M.; Sui, Q.; Peng, P.; Cao, Y. FBG-based ultrasonic wave detection and acoustic emission linear location system. Optoelectron. Lett. 2012, 3, 220–223.
