Relative Contributions of Surface Roughness and Crystalline Structure to the Biocompatibility of Titanium Nitride and Titanium Oxide Coatings Deposited by PVD and TPS Coatings
This study was conducted to characterize titanium (Ti) metal surfaces modified by polishing, coating with titanium nitride, coating with titanium oxide, sandblasting with alumina (Al2O3) particles and coating with titanium oxide, coating with titanium plasma spray (TPS); and to evaluate the effect of surface roughness and crystalline structure on adhesion of human fetal osteoblast cells (CRL-11372) in vitro after 24 hours. Surface topography and roughness were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and a noncontacting optical profilometer, respectively. The crystalline structures of the coatings were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). CRL-11372 cells were incubated at these surfaces for 24 h and were evaluated for their mean total cell counts and cell viabilities. Cell morphologies were examined qualitatively by SEM images. Glass discs served as control group (CG) for the cell culture experiments. Surfaces at the Group TPS had the highest and values. Highest mean total cell counts were found for the CG. SC (sandblasted and TiO2 coated) surfaces had shown sparsely oriented CRL-11372 cells while other surfaces and CG showed confluency. Surfaces displayed diverse crystalline structures. Crystalline structures led to different cellular adhesion responses among the groups regardless of the surface roughness values. 1. Introduction Studies on implant surfaces have evaluated topographical modification to optimize cellular responses at the bone-implant interfaces. It is widely acknowledged that topography and surface chemistry improvements of the materials potentiate dental implant surfaces’ cytocompatibility [1–3]. Major determinants of the bone-implant interface structure are the initial adhesion, spreading, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblast cells on the implant surfaces and these processes are proven to lead to faster and more extensive implant integration and long-term stability [4]. Cell adhesion to the implant surfaces is the critical starting point of the biological functions at the interface influencing the cellular responses of the organism [5]. The biocompatibility of biomaterials is related to the behavior of the contacting cells, in particular cell adhesion. Cell adhesion affects cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation. Adhesion in the biomaterial domain involves temporary events such as physicochemical linkages between cells and materials involving van der Waals and electrostatic forces. The adhesion phase may also involve biological molecules such as extracellular matrix proteins, cell membrane proteins, and
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