Effect of Intermittent Positive Pressure Ventilation on Depth of Anaesthesia during and after Isoflurane Anaesthesia in Sulphur-Crested Cockatoos (Cacatua galerita galerita)
This study aimed to determine the effect of intermittent positive pressure ventilation (IPPV) on the depth of inhalation anaesthesia in parrots. Anaesthesia was induced with 3.0% isoflurane in six Sulphur-crested Cockatoos (Cacatua galerita galerita) and maintained using either 1.5% or 3.0% during spontaneous ventilation (SV) or IPPV at 6 (IPPV-6) or 12 (IPPV-12) breaths per minute. The time taken for the appearance of somatic reflexes and the return of SV after IPPV was recorded. During recovery, the body jerk, beak, eye, and shivering reflexes appeared after 126 ± 27？s, 133 ± 26？s, 165 ± 34？s, and 165 ± 44？s, respectively. All cockatoos developed apnoea after IPPV-12 and only some did after IPPV-6. Return of SV after IPPV-12 was delayed compared to IPPV-6. Recovery times after the SV runs were significantly different between 1.5% and 3.0% isoflurane anaesthesia. Similarly, after IPPV, the recovery times were significantly different between 1.5% and 3.0% isoflurane anaesthesia. Recovery times after 3.0% inhaled isoflurane were longer than those of 1.5% inhaled isoflurane. In conclusion, cockatoos recovering from isoflurane anaesthesia are likely to exhibit body jerk, beak, eye, and shivering reflexes in that order. IPPV increases the depth of anaesthesia in a rate and dose-related manner and prolongs recovery. 1. Introduction Isoflurane continues to be a popular anaesthetic agent for birds [1–3], due to its relative safety and effectiveness [4], and changes in the depth of anaesthesia and recovery can be easily and quickly controlled [5, 6]. Its faster induction and recovery, relative sparing effect on cardiovascular function and cerebral blood flow autoregulation, and negligible metabolism make isoflurane useful in the anaesthetic management of debilitated, aged, or exotic veterinary patients [3, 7]. Most of it is eliminated via the lungs with only a minute fraction metabolised in the liver [8–10]. Other anaesthetic inhalation agents such as sevoflurane [5, 6, 8, 9, 11–20] and desflurane [18] may have slight advantages over isoflurane; however, associated costs are considerable which limits their widespread use in veterinary practice. The basic principles of anaesthetic management that govern mammalian anaesthesia also apply to birds, although specific anatomical and physiological differences must be considered [4, 9, 10, 21]. Because of the anatomy and structure of the avian respiratory system, even healthy birds may not be properly oxygenated when anaesthetised and placed in dorsal recumbence, so IPPV is recommended [10, 22]. Data on the effects of
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