[1] | Fan F, Zhang Y, Yang Y, Mo L, Liu X (2011) Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety among adolescents following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. J Trauma Stress 24: 44–53. doi: 10.1002/jts.20599
|
[2] | Bulut S, Bulut S, Tayli A (2005) The dose of exposure and prevalence rates of post traumatic stress disorder in a sample of Turkish children eleven months after the 1999 Marmara earthquakes. Sch Psychol Int 26: 55–70. doi: 10.1177/0143034305050893
|
[3] | Eksi A, Braun KL (2009) Over-time changes in PTSD and depression among children surviving the 1999 Istanbul earthquake. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 18: 384–391. doi: 10.1007/s00787-009-0745-9
|
[4] | Giannopoulou I, Strouthos M, Smith P, Dikaiakou A, Galanopoulou V, et al. (2006) Post-traumatic stress reactions of children and adolescents exposed to the Athens 1999 earthquake. Eur Psychiatry 21: 160–166. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.09.005
|
[5] | Roussos A, Goenjian AK, Steinberg AM, Sotiropoulou C, Kakaki M, et al. (2005) Posttraumatic stress and depressive reactions among children and adolescents after the 1999 earthquake in Ano Liosia Greece. Am J Psychiatry 162: 530–537. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.162.3.530
|
[6] | Goenjian AK, Roussos A, Steinberg AM, Sotiropoulou C, Walling D, et al. (2011) Longitudinal study of PTSD, depression, and quality of life among adolescents after the Parnitha earthquake. J Affect disord 133: 509–515. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.04.053
|
[7] | Qu Z, Wang X, Tian D, Zhao Y, Zhang Q, et al. (2012) Posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among new mothers at 8 months later of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake in China. Arch Womens Ment Health 15: 49–55. doi: 10.1007/s00737-011-0255-x
|
[8] | Kolaitis G, Kotsopoulos J, Tsiantis J, Haritaki S, Rigizou F, et al. (2003) Posttraumatic stress reactions among children following the Athens earthquake of September 1999. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 12: 273–280. doi: 10.1007/s00787-003-0339-x
|
[9] | Salcioglu E, Basoglu M (2008) Psychological effects of earthquakes in children: prospects for brief behavioral treatment. World J Pediatr 4: 165–172. doi: 10.1007/s12519-008-0032-8
|
[10] | Ying LH, Wu XC, Lin CD, Chen C (2013) Prevalence and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder and depressive symptoms among child survivors 1 year following the Wenchuan earthquake in China. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 22: 567–575. doi: 10.1007/s00787-013-0400-3
|
[11] | Groome D, Soureti A (2004) Post-traumatic stress disorder and anxiety symptoms in children exposed to the 1999 Greek earthquake. Br J Psychol 95: 387–397. doi: 10.1348/0007126041528149
|
[12] | McDermott BM, Lee EM, Judd M, Gibbon P (2005) Posttraumatic stress disorder and general psychopathology in children and adolescents following a wildfire disaster. Can J Psychiatry 50: 137–143.
|
[13] | Trickey D, Siddaway AP, Meiser-Stedman R, Serpell L (2012) A meta-analysis of risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder in children and adolescents. Clin Psychol Rev 32: 122–138. doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2011.12.001
|
[14] | Zheng Y, Fan F, Liu X, Mo L (2012) Life events, coping, and posttraumatic stress symptoms among chinese adolescents exposed to 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China. PLoS ONE 7(1): e29404 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029404.
|
[15] | Goenjian AK, Walling D, Steinberg AM, Roussos A, et al. (2009) Depression and PTSD symptoms among bereaved adolescents 6? years after the 1988 spitak earthquake. J Affect Disord 112: 81–84. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2008.04.006
|
[16] | Thienkura W, Cardozo BL, Chakkraband MLS, Guadamuz TE, Pengjuntr W, et al. (2006) Symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and depression among children in tsunami-affected areas in southern Thailand. JAMA 296: 549–559. doi: 10.1001/jama.296.5.549
|
[17] | Cao H, McFarlane AC, Klimidis S (2003) Prevalence of psychiatric disorder following the 1988 Yun Nan (China) earthquake: The first 5-month period. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 38: 204–212. doi: 10.1007/s00127-003-0619-2
|
[18] | Ma X, Liu X, Hu X, Qiu C, Wang Y, et al. (2011) Risk indicators for posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents exposed to the 5.12 Wenchuan earthquake in China. Psychiatry Research 189: 385–391. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2010.12.016
|
[19] | Wang W, Fu W, Wu J, Ma X-c, Sun X-l, et al. (2012) Prevalence of PTSD and depression among junior middle school students in a rural town far from the epicenter of the Wenchuan earthquake in China. PLoS ONE 7(7): e41665 doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041665.
|
[20] | Basoglu M, Kilic C, Salcioglu E, Livanou M (2004) Prevalence of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Comorbid Depression in Earthquake Survivors in Turkey: An Epidemiological Study. J Trauma Stress 17: 133–141. doi: 10.1023/b:jots.0000022619.31615.e8
|
[21] | Bonanno GA (2004) Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? Am Psychol 59: 20–28. doi: 10.1037/0003-066x.59.1.20
|
[22] | Bonanno GA, Westphal M, Mancini AD (2011) Resilience to loss and potential trauma. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 7: 511–535. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032210-104526
|
[23] | Vanderbilt-Adriance E, Shaw DS (2008) Conceptualizing and re-evaluating resilience across levels of risk, time, and domains of competence. Clin Child Family Psychol Rev 11: 30–58. doi: 10.1007/s10567-008-0031-2
|
[24] | Fletcher D, Sarkar M (2013) Psychological resilience: A review and critique of definitions, concepts, and theory. Eur Psychol 18: 12–23. doi: 10.1027/1016-9040/a000124
|
[25] | Rutter M (2006) The promotion of resilience in the face of adversity. In: Clarke-Stewart A, Dunn J, editors. Families count: Effects on child and adolescent development. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 26–52.
|
[26] | Windle G (2011) What is resilience? A review and concept analysis. Rev Clin Gerontol 21: 152–169. doi: 10.1017/s0959259810000420
|
[27] | Block JH, Block J (1980) The role of ego-control and ego resiliency in the organization of behavior. In Collins WA, editor. Minnesota symposium on child psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. 39–101.
|
[28] | Connor KM, Davidson JRT (2003) Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Depress Anxiety18: 76–82. doi: 10.1002/da.10113
|
[29] | Rutter M (2012) Resilience as a dynamic concept. Dev Psychopathol 24: 335–344. doi: 10.1017/s0954579412000028
|
[30] | Luthar SS, Cicchetti D, Becker B (2000) The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Dev 71: 543–562. doi: 10.1111/1467-8624.00164
|
[31] | Catalano D, Chan F, Wilson L, Chiu CY, Muller VR (2011) The buffering effect of resilience on depression among individuals with spinal cord injury: A structural equation model. Rehabil Psychol 56: 200–211. doi: 10.1037/a0024571
|
[32] | Bensimon M (2012) Elaboration on the association between trauma, PTSD and posttraumatic growth: The role of trait resilience. Pers Individ Dif 52: 782–787. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2012.01.011
|
[33] | Pinquart M (2009) Moderating effects of dispositional resilience on associations between hassles and psychological distress. J Appl Dev Psychol 30: 53–60. doi: 10.1016/j.appdev.2008.10.005
|
[34] | Foe EB, Johnson KM, Feeny NC Treadwell KR (2001) The child PTSD symptom scale: a preliminary examination of its psychometric properties. J Clin Child Psychol 30: 376–384. doi: 10.1207/s15374424jccp3003_9
|
[35] | Weissman MM, Orvaschel H, Padian N (1980) Children’s symptom and social functioning self-report scales: comparison of mothers’ and children’s reports. J Nerv Ment Dis 168: 736–740. doi: 10.1097/00005053-198012000-00005
|
[36] | Fendrich M, Weissman MM, Warner V (1990) Screening for depressive disorder in children and adolescents: validating the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children. Am J Epidemiol 131: 538–551.
|
[37] | Zang W, Zhang Y, Wu X (2009) PTSD status of the relocating students and its relationship with social support after Wenchuan earthquake. J South China Normal Univ (Soci Sci Edition) 4: 59–63.
|
[38] | Zhang C (2009) An investigation on students’ mental health in earthquake-striken areas of Sichuan province. Chin J Spec Edu 9: 93–96.
|
[39] | An YY, Fu F, Wu X, Lin C, Zhang Y (2013) Longitudinal relationships between neuroticism, avoidant coping and posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms in adolescents following the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China. J Loss Trauma 18: 556–571. doi: 10.1080/15325024.2012.719351
|
[40] | Barkmann C, Erhart M, Schulte-Markwort M (2008) The German version of the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children: Psychometric evaluation in a population-based survey of 7 to 17 years old children and adolescents - results of the BELLA study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 17: 116–124. doi: 10.1007/s00787-008-1013-0
|
[41] | Li HCW, Chung OKJ, Ho KY (2010) Center for epidemiologic studies depression scale for children: psychometric testing of the Chinese version. J Adv Nurs 66: 2582–2591. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2010.05440.x
|
[42] | Wang X (1993) Rating Scales for Mental Health (Chinese Journal of Mental Health Supplement). Beijing PRC: Chinese Association of Mental Health.
|
[43] | Chen SH, Lin YH, Tseng HM, Wu YC (2002) Posttraumatic stress reactions in children and adolescents one year after the 1999 Taiwan Chi-Chi earthquake. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 25: 597–608. doi: 10.1080/02533839.2002.9670734
|
[44] | Galea S, Tracy M, Norris F, Coffey S (2008) Financial and social circumstances and the incidence and course of PTSD in Mississippi during the first two years after Hurricane Katrina. J Trauma Stress 21: 357–368. doi: 10.1002/jts.20355
|
[45] | J¢rgensen IE, Seedat S (2008) Factor structure of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale in South African adolescents. Int J Adolesc Med Health 20: 23–32. doi: 10.1515/ijamh.2008.20.1.23
|
[46] | Yu X, Zhang J (2007) Factor analysis and psychometric evaluation of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) in Chinese people. Soc Behav Pers 35: 19–30. doi: 10.2224/sbp.2007.35.1.19
|
[47] | Fu C, Leoutsakos JM, Underwood C (In press) An examination of resilience cross-culturally in child and adolescent survivors of the 2008 China earthquake using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). J Affect Disord DOI 10.1016/j.jad.2013.10.041.
|
[48] | Windle G, Bennett KM, Noyes J (2011) A methodological review of resilience measurement scales. Health Qual Life Outcomes 9: 8. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-9-8
|
[49] | American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (text revision), 4th edn. APA, Washington.
|
[50] | Weissman MM, Orvaschel H, Padian N (1980) Children’s symptom and social functioning self-report scales: comparison of mothers’ and children’s reports. J Nerv Ment Dis 168: 736–740. doi: 10.1097/00005053-198012000-00005
|
[51] | Cohen J, Cohen P (1983) Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (Second edition). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
|
[52] | Aiken LS, West SG (1991) Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
|
[53] | Schubert T, Jacoby J (2004) SiSSy 1.11 [Computer software]. Available: http://johannjacoby.de/stattools/SiSSy1.?11.html
|
[54] | Furr JM, Comer JS, Edmunds JM, Kendall PC (2010) Disasters and youth: A meta-analytic examination of posttraumatic stress. J Consult Clin Psychol 6: 765–780. doi: 10.1037/a0021482
|
[55] | Pynoos R, Goenjian A, Tashjian M, Karakashian M, Manjikian R, et al. (1993) Post-traumatic stress reactions in children after the 1988 Armenian earthquake. Br J Psychiatry 163: 239–247. doi: 10.1192/bjp.163.2.239
|
[56] | Kutz I, Dekel R (2006) Follow-up victims of one terrorist attack in Israel: ASD, PTSD and the perceived threat of missile attacks. Pers Individ Dif 40: 1579–1589. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2006.01.002
|
[57] | Park CL, Aldwin CM, Fenster JR, Snyder LB (2008) Pathways to posttraumatic growth versus posttraumatic stress: coping and emotional reactions following the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks. Am J Orthopsych 78: 300–312. doi: 10.1037/a0014054
|
[58] | Bonanno GA (2005) Clarifying and extending the construct of adult resilience. Am Psychol 60: 265–267. doi: 10.1037/0003-066x.60.3.265b
|
[59] | Ong AD, Zautra AJ, Reid MC (2010) Psychological resilience predicts decreases in pain catastrophizing through positive emotions. Psychol Aging 25: 516–523. doi: 10.1037/a0019384
|
[60] | Block J, Kremen AM (1996) IQ and ego-resiliency: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. J Pers Soc Psychol 70: 349–361. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.70.2.349
|
[61] | Ong AD, Bergeman CS, Bisconti TL, Wallace KA (2006) Psychological resilience, positive emotions, and successful adaptation to stress in later life. J Pers Soc Psychol 91: 730–749. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.91.4.730
|
[62] | Tugade MM, Fredrickson BL (2004) Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. J Pers Soc Psychol 86: 320–333. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320
|
[63] | Waugh CE, Thompson RJ, Gotlib IH (2011) Flexible emotional responsiveness in trait resilience. Emotion 11: 1059–1067. doi: 10.1037/a0021786
|
[64] | Galatzer-Levy IR, Brown AD, Henn-Haase C, Metzler TJ, Neylan TC, et al. (2013) Positive and negative emotion prospectively predict trajectories of resilience and distress among high-exposure police officers. Emotion 13: 545–553. doi: 10.1037/a0031314
|
[65] | Lepore SJ, Revenson TA (2006) Resilience and posttraumatic growth: Recovery, resistance, & reconfiguration. In Calhoun L, Tedeschi RG, editors. The handbook of posttraumatic growth: Research and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. 24–46.
|
[66] | Podsakoff PM, MacKenzie SB, Lee JY, Podsakoff NP (2003) Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. J Appl Psychol 88: 879–903. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
|
[67] | Kent M, Davis MC, Stark SL, Stewart LA (2011) A resilience-oriented treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder: results of a preliminary randomized clinical trial. J Trauma Stress 24: 591–595. doi: 10.1002/jts.20685
|
[68] | Velleman R, Templeton L (2007) Understanding and modifying the impact of parents’ substance misuse on children. Adv Psychiatric Treat 13: 79–89. doi: 10.1192/apt.bp.106.002386
|