Many skin cancer screenings occur in non-traditional community settings, with the beach being an important setting due to beachgoers being at high risk for skin cancer. This study is a secondary analysis of data from a randomized trial of a skin cancer intervention in which participants (n = 312) had a full-body skin examination by a clinician and received a presumptive diagnosis (abnormal finding, no abnormal finding). Participants’ pursuit of follow-up was assessed post-intervention (n = 283). Analyses examined: (1) participant’s recall of screening results; and (2) whether cognitive and behavioral variables were associated with follow-up being as advised. Just 12% of participants (36/312) did not correctly recall the results of their skin examination. One-third (33%, 93/283) of participants’ follow-up was classified as being not as advised (recommend follow-up not pursued, unadvised follow-up pursued). Among participants whose follow-up was not as advised, 71% (66/93) did not seek recommended care. None of the measured behavioral and cognitive variables were significantly associated with recall of screening examination results or whether follow-up was as advised. Research is needed to determine what factors are associated with follow-up being as advised and to develop messages that increase receipt of advised follow-up care.
References
[1]
Council on Scientific Affairs. Harmful Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation. JAMA 1989, 262, 380–384.
[2]
Rogers, H.W.; Weinstock, M.A.; Harris, A.R.; Hinckley, M.R.; Feldman, S.R.; Fleischer, A.B.; Coldiron, B.M. Incidence estimate of nonmelanoma skin cancer in the United States, 2006. Arch. Dermatol. 2010, 146, 283–287.
[3]
American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2012. American Cancer Society: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2012. Available online: www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiology surveilance/documents/document/acspc-031941.pdf (accessed on 2 March 2012).
[4]
Siegel, R.; Ward, E.; Brawley, O.; Jemal, A. Cancer statistics, 2011: The impact of eliminating socioeconomic and racial disparities on premature cancer deaths. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2011, 61, 212–236.
[5]
Coups, E.J.; Geller, A.C.; Weinstock, M.A.; Heckman, C.J.; Manne, S.L. Prevalence and correlates of skin cancer screening among middle-aged and older white adults in the United States. Am. J. Med. 2010, 123, 439–445.
[6]
Saraiya, M.; Hall, H.I.; Thompson, T.; Hartman, A.; Glanz, K.; Rimer, B.; Rose, D. Skin cancer screening among U.S. adults from 1992, 1998, and 2000 National Health Interview Surveys. Prev. Med. 2004, 39, 308–314.
[7]
Balch, C.M.; Buzaid, A.C.; Soong, S.J.; Atkins, M.B.; Cascinelli, N.; Coit, D.G.; Fleming, I.D.; Gershenwald, J.E.; Houghton, A., Jr.; Kirkwood, J.M.; et al. New TNM melanoma staging system: Linking biology and natural history to clinical outcomes. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 2003, 21, 43–52, doi:10.1002/ssu.10020.
[8]
Wolff, T.; Tai, E.; Miller, T. Screening for skin cancer: An update of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann. Intern. Med. 2009, 150, 194–198.
[9]
Smith, R.A.; Cokkinides, V.; Brawley, O.W. Cancer screening in the United States, 2009: A review of current American Cancer Society guidelines and issues in cancer screening. CA Cancer J. Clin. 2009, 59, 27–41.
[10]
American Academy of Dermatology. Available online: http://www.aad.org/skin-conditions/dermatology-a-to-z/skin-cancer/tips (accessed on 2 March 2012).
[11]
Geller, A.C.; Halpern, A.C.; Sun, T.; Oliveria, S.A.; Miller, D.R.; Lew, R.A.; Koh, H.K. Participant satisfaction and value in American Academy of Dermatology and American Cancer Society skin cancer screening programs in Massachusetts. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 1999, 40, 563–566.
[12]
Geller, A.C.; Zhang, Z.; Sober, A.J.; Halpern, A.C.; Weinstock, M.A.; Daniels, S.; Miller, D.R.; Demierre, M.F.; Brooks, D.R.; Gilchrest, B.A. The first 15 years of the American Academy of Dermatology skin cancer screening programs: 1985-1999. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2003, 48, 34–41.
[13]
Geller, A. Personal communication. America Academy of Dermatology (AAD): 2010.
[14]
Carli, P.; de Giorgi, V.; Giannotti, B.; Seidenari, S.; Pellacani, G.; Peris, K.; Piccolo, D.; Rubegni, P.; Andreassi, L. Skin cancer day in Italy: Method of referral to open access clinics and tumor prevalence in the examined population. Eur. J. Dermatol. 2003, 13, 76–79.
[15]
Vandaele, M.M.; Richert, B.; van der Endt, J.D.; Boyden, B.; Brochez, L.; del Marmol, V.; de Boulle, K.; Garmyn, M.; Laporte, M.; Maselis, I.; et al. Melanoma screening: Results of the first one-day campaign in Belgium (‘melanoma Monday’). J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol. 2000, 14, 470–472.
[16]
Nikkels, A.F.; Nikkels-Tassoudji, N.; Jerusalem-Noury, E.; Sandman-Lobusch, H.; Sproten, G.; Zeimers, G.; Schroeder, J.; Pierard, G.E. Skin cancer screening campaign in the German speaking Community of Belgium. Acta Clin. Belg. 2004, 59, 194–198.
[17]
Bulliard, J.L.; Levi, F.; Panizzon, R.G. The 2003 “Solmobile” prevention campaign for skin cancers of the Swiss League against Cancer: Results and stakes. Rev. Med. Suisse Romande 2004, 124, 237–240.
[18]
Holme, S.A.; Varma, S.; Chowdhury, M.M.; Roberts, D.L. Audit of a melanoma screening day in the U.K.: Clinical results, participant satisfaction and perceived value. Br. J. Dermatol. 2001, 145, 784–788.
[19]
Augustin, M.; Stadler, R.; Reusch, M.; Schafer, I.; Kornek, T.; Luger, T. Skin cancer screening in Germany-Perception by the public. J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges. 2012, 10, 42–49.
[20]
Emmons, K.M.; Geller, A.C.; Puleo, E.; Savadatti, S.S.; Hu, S.W.; Gorham, S.; Werchniak, A.E. Skin cancer education and early detection at the beach: A randomized trial of dermatologist examination and biometric feedback. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2011, 64, 282–289.
[21]
Hu, D.N.; Yu, G.; McCormick, S.A.; Finger, P.T. Population-based incidence of conjunctival melanoma in various races and ethnic groups and comparison with other melanomas. Am. J. Ophthalmol. 2008, 145, 418–423.
[22]
Byrd-Miles, K.; Toombs, E.L.; Peck, G.L. Skin cancer in individuals of African, Asian, Latin-American, and American-Indian descent: Differences in incidence, clinical presentation, and survival compared to Caucas. J. Drugs Dermatol. 2007, 6, 10–16.
[23]
Gloster, H.M., Jr.; Neal, K. Skin cancer in skin of color. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2006, 55, 741–760.
[24]
SAS version 9.3. SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA.
[25]
Edwards, A.G.; Evans, R.; Dundon, J.; Haigh, S.; Hood, K.; Elwyn, G.J. Personalised risk communication for informed decision making about taking screening tests. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2006, 4, CD001865.
[26]
LeBlanc, W.G.; Vidal, L.; Kirsner, R.S.; Lee, D.J.; Caban-Martinez, A.J.; McCollister, K.E.; Arheart, K.L.; Chung-Bridges, K.; Christ, S.; Clark, J., 3rd; et al. Reported skin cancer screening of U.S. adult workers. J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2008, 59, 55–63.
