%0 Journal Article
%T The Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Cu(II) Ions in Environmental and Industrial Samples
%A Todjiyev Jamoliddin
%A Turaeva Gulzoda
%A Turabov Nurmukhammat
%A Khayrullayeva Shahinabonu
%A Kholiyorova Rano
%A Tuliev Bekhruz
%J Open Access Library Journal
%V 13
%N 5
%P 1-27
%@ 2333-9721
%D 2026
%I Open Access Library
%R 10.4236/oalib.1115367
%X This review article summarizes and analyzes modern approaches to the ex-tractive spectrophotometric determination of copper(II) ions in natural wa-ters, ores, environmental, and industrial samples. The quantitative determi-nation of Cu(II) ions is of great importance for scientific and medical re-search, as well as for environmental monitoring. In recent years, numerous methods have been developed to ensure high accuracy, rapid analysis, and high sensitivity in their determination. Particular attention has been devoted to the development and application of organic analytical reagents capable of forming intensely colored, stable, and selectively extractable complexes with Cu(II) ions. The paper discusses the physicochemical properties, environ-mental behavior, and toxicological significance of Cu(II) ions, emphasizing the necessity of their sensitive and selective monitoring in natural waters, wastewater, soils, food products, and pharmaceutical samples. In addition, the historical development of organic reagents in inorganic analysis and the role of coordination chemistry in advancing spectrophotometric methods are also highlighted. A wide range of chromogenic reagents-including hydra-zones, thiosemicarbazones, azo compounds, triazoles, and Schiff bases-is re-viewed. For each system, key analytical characteristics such as optimal pH, complex stoichiometry, extraction conditions, absorption maxima (¦Ëmax), molar absorptivity (¦Å), linear dynamic ranges, limits of detection, limits of quantification, stability constants, and interference effects are comparatively analyzed. The advantages of extractive spectrophotometry-high sensitivity, simplicity, cost-effectiveness, and applicability to trace-level determina-tion-are highlighted in comparison with instrumental techniques such as atomic absorption spectrometry. Overall, spectrophotometric techniques stand out among analytical methods due to their high precision, rapid opera-tion, and low reagent consumption, making them effective tools in environ-mental and biomedical research.
%K Extractive Spectrophotometry
%K Copper(II)
%K Organic Analytical Reagents
%K Chromogenic Ligands
%K Complex Formation
%K Liquid-Liquid Extraction
%K Trace Metal Analysis
%K Environmental Monitoring
%K Green Chemistry
%U http://www.oalib.com/paper/6895720