%0 Journal Article
%T History of Ultralow Temperatures at Dubna (JINR)
%A Yu. A. Usov
%J Advances in Historical Studies
%P 115-129
%@ 2327-0446
%D 2023
%I Scientific Research Publishing
%R 10.4236/ahs.2023.124009
%X A frozen spin polarized targets cooled
by the <sup>3</sup>He/<sup>4</sup>He dilution refrigerator develo</span><span>ped at the JINR, Dubna is described. Experience
with </span><span>contin</span>uously-polarized
targets (dynamic mode) and achieving of very low temperatures in 1966 (JINR)
gave rise to the idea of using radically new technique based on dissolving <sup>3</sup>He in <sup>4</sup>He to the frozen
spin polarized target. The short history (1966-2023) of the development
of such proton and deuteron targets at JINR for
different accelerators (Dubna, Protvino, Gatchina, Prague, Mainz and Bonn) is given.
%K Polarized Targets
%K Ultralow Temperatures
%K 3He/4He Dilution Refrigerator
%U http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=128590