%0 Journal Article
%T Improving Cardiovascular Risk Assessment to Optimize Therapy
%A Allen Adolphe
%A Shane Wilder
%A Teodor Duro
%A Robert Philip Eaton
%A David S. Schade
%J World Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases
%P 7-20
%@ 2164-5337
%D 2023
%I Scientific Research Publishing
%R 10.4236/wjcd.2023.131002
%X <strong>Background</strong><span style=\"white-space:normal;\"><b><span style=\"font-family:;\" \"=\"\">:</span></b></span><span style=\"white-space:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:;\" \"=\"\"> </span></span><span style=\"white-space:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:;\" \"=\"\">Quantifying ten-year cardiovascular risk can be challenging</span></span><span style=\"white-space:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:;\" \"=\"\">. Different online risk calculators provide different risk estimates and online risk calculators use only one point in time. However, risk factors occur over the lifetime of the individual. <b>Purpose</b></span></span><span style=\"white-space:normal;\"><b><span style=\"font-family:;\" \"=\"\">:</span></b></span><span style=\"white-space:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:;\" \"=\"\"> </span></span><span style=\"white-space:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:;\" \"=\"\">This manuscript provides three solutions to improving ten-year cardiovascular risk assessment in individuals at intermediate risk. <b>Methods</b></span></span><span style=\"white-space:normal;\"><b><span style=\"font-family:;\" \"=\"\">:</span></b></span><span style=\"white-space:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:;\" \"=\"\"> Measuring Lipoprotein(a)¡ªLp(a) is recommended&nbsp;for assessing cardiovascular risk in all individuals who are in the intermediate&nbsp;risk category by standard online risk calculators. Lp(a) is primarily determined by genetic inheritance. It has the undesirable properties of being proatherosclerotic, proinflammatory, and prothrombotic. Measuring apolipoprotein B (apo B) provides a good index of the number of atherosclerotic&nbsp;particles present. Studies have demonstrated that small, dense LDL cholesterol particles are more atherogenic than larger, less dense LDL cholesterol particles. Measuring high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) provides a good estimation of the degree of inflammation in the vascular system. Inflammation is a critical component of heart attacks and strokes. It is increased in diabetes and obesity. Treatment to reduce inflammation results in a reduction&nbsp;of cardiovascular events, independent of lipid values. <b>Results</b></span></span><span style=\"white-space:normal;\"><b><span style=\"font-family:;\" \"=\"\">:</span></b></span><span style=\"white-space:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:;\" \"=\"\"> The above</span></span><span style=\"white-space:normal;\"><span style=\"font-family:;\" \"=\"\"> three risk factors should be measured in all patients with an intermediate risk score. Routine assays are
%K Cardiovascular Disease
%K Atherosclerosis
%K Risk Equations
%K Apolipoprotein B
%K Lipoprotein(a)
%K High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein
%U http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=122699