%0 Journal Article
%T Central Force Optimization with Gravity < 0, Elitism, and Dynamic Threshold Optimization: An Antenna Application, 6-Element Yagi-Uda Arrays
%A Richard A. Formato
%J Wireless Engineering and Technology
%P 53-82
%@ 2152-2308
%D 2021
%I Scientific Research Publishing
%R 10.4236/wet.2021.124004
%X This paper investigates the effect of adding three extensions to Central
Force Optimization when it is used as the Global Search and Optimization method
for the design and optimization of 6-elementYagi-Uda arrays. Those exten</span><span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">sions are </span><i><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">Negative</span></i> <i><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">Gravity</span></i><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">, </span><i><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">Elitism</span></i><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">, and </span><i><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">Dynamic</span></i> <i><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">Threshold</span></i> <i><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">Optimization</span></i><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">. T</span></span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">he basic CFO heuristic does not include any
of these, but adding them substan</span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">tially
improves the algorithm¡¯s performance. This paper extends the work r</span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">eported
in a previous paper that considered only negative gravity and which </span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">showed a significant performance improvement over
a range of optimized a</span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">rrays. Still better results are obtained by adding
to the mix </span><i><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">Elitism</span></i><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\"> and </span><i><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">DTO</span></i><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">. An overall improvement in best
fitness of 19.16% is achieved by doing so. While the work reported here was
limited to the design/optimization of 6-</span></span></span><span><span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;\"> </span></span></span><span><span><span style=\"font-family:&quot;\"><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">element
Yagis, the reasonable inference based on these data is that any antenna
design/optimization problem, indeed any Global Search and Optimiza</span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">tion problem, antenna or not, utilizing Central
Force Optimization as the Gl</span><span style=\"font-family:Verdana;\">obal Search and Optimization engine will
benefit by including all three extensions, probably substantially.
%K Yagi
%K Yagi-Uda
%K Array
%K Antenna
%K Antenna Design
%K Optimization
%K Central Force
%K Central Force Optimization
%K CFO
%K CFO-GED
%K Negative Gravity
%K Elitism
%K Dynamic Threshold Optimization
%K DTO
%K Dynamic
%K Threshold
%K Metaheuristic
%K Evolutionary Computation
%U http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=112903