%0 Journal Article
%T What Is the Universe Ultimately Made of?
%A Matsuo Sekine
%J Journal of High Energy Physics, Gravitation and Cosmology
%P 1161-1181
%@ 2380-4335
%D 2021
%I Scientific Research Publishing
%R 10.4236/jhepgc.2021.73068
%X As the ultimate building blocks of the universe, the limit structureless quark <i>u</i><sub>¡Þ</sub> and its anti-quark <img src=\"Edit_b5291e23-3f94-4fd9-bca2-1829927c38c9.png\" width=\"75\" height=\"17\" alt=\"\" /> are considered at the infinite sublayer level of the quark model. Then <i>CP</i> is violated in the doublet of <i>u</i><sub>¡Þ</sub> and <i>u</i><sub>¡Þ</sub><sup style=\"margin-left:-7px;\"><i>CP</i></sup> quarks to account for the asymmetry of the number of particles and anti-particles. This <i>CP</i> violation is explained by a <i>SU</i>(2) noncommutative geometry. The second, third and fourth generation quarks are considered only as the excited states of the first generation <i>u</i><sub>¡Þ</sub> and <i>u</i><sub>¡Þ</sub><sup style=\"margin-left:-7px;\"><i>CP</i></sup> quarks. The fourth generation quarks are derived from both <i>CPT</i> transformation and the <i>SU</i>(2)<sub>L</sub>¡Á<i>U</i>(1) gauge theory. The dark matter, quarks, leptons, gauge bosons and Higgs bosons are composed of only the <i>u</i><sub>¡Þ</sub> and <i>u</i><sub>¡Þ</sub><sup style=\"margin-left:-7px;\"><i>CP</i></sup> quarks and the cosmological constant in Einstein¡¯s field equation is also derived from the Higgs potential. Thus, the limit particle <i>u</i><sub>¡Þ</sub> and its anti-particle <i>u</i><sub>¡Þ</sub><sup style=\"margin-left:-7px;\"><i>CP</i></sup> are the ultimate particles of the universe and produced thermally in the hot early universe of the Big Bang.
%K Non-Baryonic Quark
%K Dark Matter
%K Gauge Bosons
%K Higgs Bosons  Cosmological Constant
%U http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=110672