%0 Journal Article
%T Eckmaxol, a Phlorotannin Extracted from Ecklonia maxima, Produces Anti-¦Â-amyloid Oligomer Neuroprotective Effects Possibly via Directly Acting on Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3¦Â
%J -
%D 2018
%R https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00527
%X Alzheimer¡¯s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that mainly affects the elderly. Soluble ¦Â-amyloid oligomer, which can induce neurotoxicity, is generally regarded as the main neurotoxin in Alzheimer¡¯s disease. Here we report that eckmaxol, a phlorotannin extracted from the brown alga Ecklonia maxima, could produce neuroprotective effects in SH-SY5Y cells. Eckmaxol effectively prevented but did not rescue ¦Â-amyloid oligomer-induced neuronal apoptosis and increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species. Eckmaxol also significantly reversed the decreased expression of phospho-Ser9-glycogen synthase kinase 3¦Â and increased expression of phospho-extracellular signal-regulated kinase, which was induced by A¦Â oligomer. Moreover, both glycogen synthase kinase 3¦Â and mitogen activated protein kinase inhibitors produced neuroprotective effects in SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, eckmaxol showed favorable interaction in the ATP binding site of glycogen synthase kinase 3¦Â and mitogen activated protein kinase. These results suggested that eckmaxol might produce neuroprotective effects via concurrent inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3¦Â and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways, possibly via directly acting on glycogen synthase kinase 3¦Â and mitogen activated protein kinase. Based on the central role that ¦Â-amyloid oligomers play in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer¡¯s disease and the high annual production of Ecklonia maxima for alginate and other nutritional ingredients, this report represents a new candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer¡¯s disease, and also expands the potential application of Ecklonia maxima and its constituents in the field of pharmacology
%U https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00527