%0 Journal Article
%T Non-Flat Earth Recalibrated for Terrain and Topsoil
%A Robert J. Blakemore
%J -
%D 2018
%R https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems2040064
%X Abstract Earth＊s land surface is raised from conventionally flat 15 Gha to >64 Gha accounting for hilly slope undulation and topsoil relief detail. Three main aspects are: topography, rugosity/tortuosity, and micro-relief/porosity of ice/vegetation-free ground. Recalibration arises from four approaches: First, direct empirical estimates of compiled satellite/LiDAR data means of +2.5每26% surface progressively overlain by +94% at cm 2 scale for soil ruggedness then +108% for mm 2 micro-relief; Second, from digital elevation models with thrice 1.6每2.0 times flat areas; Third, by ＆reverse engineering＊ global soil bulk densities and carbon reserves requiring ℅4每6 land. Finally, a Fermi estimation doubles the Earth＊s surface〞as exposed to Sun, air and rain〞conveniently set at 100 Gha (with 64 Gha land:36 Gha ocean). Soil organic carbon (SOC) thereby grows to 8580 Gt mainly in SOM-humus with its biotic complexity plus roots, Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM-fungi), leaf-litter and earthworms itself totaling 17,810 Gt. Although four to six times IPCC＊s or NASA/NOAA＊s calculated 1500每2300 Gt SOC, this is likely an underestimation. Global biomass and biodiversity are at least doubled (℅2每3.5) and net primary productivity (NPP) increases to >270 Gt C yr ˋ1 due to terrain. Rationale for a ＆Soil Ecology Institute＊ gains ground. View Full-Tex
%K topographical land surface-area
%K soil carbon sequestration
%K global climate
%K earthworms
%U https://www.mdpi.com/2571-8789/2/4/64