%0 Journal Article
%T Prediction of spray collapse in multi
%A Arman Paydarfar
%A David P Schmidt
%A Sampath K Rachakonda
%J International Journal of Engine Research
%@ 2041-3149
%D 2019
%R 10.1177/1468087418819527
%X A parametric study was conducted to predict the conditions leading to spray collapse in multi-hole gasoline direct-injection fuel injectors using computational fluid dynamics simulations. The computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed using an in-house multi-dimensional code that accounts for thermal non-equilibrium and entrainment of the non-condensable gas and coupled with primary atomization. The simulations were performed for a fixed injection pressure and fuel temperature on nine different six-hole injectors. The parameters were varied to include the effects of the ratio of the ambient pressure to the saturation pressure (Pa/Ps), the drill angle, and the diameters of the nozzle and the counter bore, respectively, on the spray. The findings indicate that spray collapse results from a combination of the nozzle geometry, the thermodynamic conditions of the fuel, and the ambient pressure. Spray collapse was observed in injectors with a narrow arrangement of the nozzle holes under extreme flash-boiling conditions with very low ambient pressures and in the case of non-flash-boiling conditions with very high ambient pressures
%K Flash-boiling
%K spray collapse
%K multi-hole gasoline direct injection
%K homogeneous relaxation model foam
%U https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1468087418819527