%0 Journal Article
%T A study of soot formation in a rapid compression machine at conditions representative of cold
%A Justin E Ketterer
%A Wai K Cheng
%J International Journal of Engine Research
%@ 2041-3149
%D 2019
%R 10.1177/1468087418777663
%X The soot yield, defined as the ratio of the soot mass to the carbon mass in the fuel, for the homogeneous combustion of a rich fuel-air mixture has been measured in a rapid compression machine using the laser light extinction method. The temperature and pressure conditions are representative of those in spark-ignition direct-injection engines at cold-fast-idle. The fuels used are a certification gasoline (with 28% aromatic content) and a blend of the gasoline with toluene (the blend had 40% aromatic content by volume) so that the sensitivity of soot formation to the fuel aromatic content could be assessed. Beyond a threshold fuel equivalence ratio (£¿) value, the soot yield increases exponentially with £¿. The soot yield of the gasoline¨Ctoluene blend is four to six times higher than that of the gasoline. The soot yield decreases exponentially with temperature, by a factor of 0.58 for every 10£¿K increase in temperature. In the 657¨C695£¿K temperature range, the threshold £¿ value increases linearly from approximately 2.4 to 2.7, at a rate of 0.1 point per 10£¿K rise in temperature. This temperature dependence is insensitive to the charge density
%K Particulate matter
%K soot
%K spark ignition direct injection
%K rapid compression machine
%K rich combustion
%K emissions formation
%K model validation
%K soot formation
%U https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1468087418777663