%0 Journal Article
%T Necessity or Opportunity? The Effects of State Fragility and Economic Development on Entrepreneurial Efforts
%A Jos¨¦ Ernesto Amor¨®s
%A Luciano Ciravegna
%A Pekka Stenholm
%A Vesna Mandakovic
%J Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice
%@ 1540-6520
%D 2019
%R 10.1177/1042258717736857
%X This paper studies the effects of state fragility and economic development on necessity and opportunity-based individual entrepreneurial efforts. We contribute to the literature on the contextual determinants of entrepreneurship by examining multilevel data on 956,925 individuals from 51 countries for the period of 2005¨C2013. We show that state fragility has a positive effect on necessity-based entrepreneurial efforts while hindering opportunity-based efforts. Our findings illustrate that the level of economic development moderates the relationship between state fragility and necessity-driven entrepreneurial efforts reducing the likelihood of the latter. We discuss the implications for theory and for proentrepreneurship policy
%K institutional theory
%K government policy/regulation
%K necessity based entrepreneurship
%U https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1042258717736857