%0 Journal Article
%T A Reconsideration of Hofstede¡¯s Fifth Dimension: New Flexibility Versus Monumentalism Data From 54 Countries
%A Ben Mudd
%A Carlos Sanchez
%A Janar Jandosova
%A Michael H. Bond
%A Michael Minkov
%A Michael Schachner
%A Oswaldo Morales
%A Pinaki Dutt
%A Yerlan Khassenbekov
%J Cross
%@ 1552-3578
%D 2018
%R 10.1177/1069397117727488
%X Hofstede¡¯s ¡°long-term orientation¡± (LTO) may be one of the most important dimensions of national culture, as it highlights differences on a continuum from East Asia to Africa and Latin America, strongly associated with differences in educational achievement. However, LTO¡¯s structure lacks theoretical coherence. We show that a statistically similar, and theoretically more focused and coherent, dimension of national culture, called ¡°flexibility versus monumentalism,¡± or vice versa, can be extracted from national differences in self-enhancement and self-stability or self-consistency, as well as a willingness to help people. Using data from nearly 53,000 respondents recruited probabilistically from 54 countries, we provide a new national flexibility-versus-monumentalism index that measures key cultural differences on the world¡¯s East¨CWest geographic axis and predicts educational achievement better than LTO or any other known dimension of national culture
%K national culture
%K Hofstede¡¯s model
%K long-term orientation
%K monumentalism
%K self-enhancement
%K educational achievement
%U https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1069397117727488