%0 Journal Article
%T Polarization, Participatory Democracy, and Democratic Erosion in Venezuela¡¯s Twenty
%A Ana Mallen
%A Mar¨ªa Pilar Garc¨ªa-Guadilla
%J The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
%@ 1552-3349
%D 2019
%R 10.1177/0002716218817733
%X This article analyzes the emergence and consolidation of political polarization in Venezuela during the so-called Bolivarian Revolution, led by Hugo Ch¨¢vez and his successor Nicol¨¢s Maduro from 1999 to 2018. We also examine the conditions under which polarization in Venezuela became pernicious, and contributed to erosion of democracy. Given the underlying class cleavages that were associated with pro- and anti-Chavista identities, we argue that the central dimension of polarization began with a political-ideological rift around competing concepts of democracy¡ªparticipatory and representative, the rights that each vision privileged (individual civil and political rights vs. collective social and economic rights), and the interpretation of participatory democracy as a complement or substitute for representative democracy. As a result, the inclusion of representative and participatory models of democracy in the 1999 Bolivarian constitution failed to deepen democracy. Instead, they came to be seen as mutually exclusive or incompatible. The result was a polarized democracy that became increasingly authoritarian
%K polarization
%K participatory democracy
%K polarized democracy
%K Venezuela
%K twenty-first-century socialism
%U https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0002716218817733