%0 Journal Article
%T China and Venezuela: South
%A Emma Miriam Yin-Hang To
%A Rodrigo Acuˋa
%J Latin American Perspectives
%@ 1552-678X
%D 2019
%R 10.1177/0094582X18813574
%X China＊s increased participation in the world market and its consequent demand for energy has contributed to exacerbating the vulnerability of many externally oriented resource-rich countries. As a consequence, since the early 2000s the relationship between China and Venezuela has gone far beyond trade to an ※energy cooperation§ model with joint ventures and development funds not only in oil but also in nonresource sectors of the Venezuelan economy. Despite massive increases in social expenditure, Latin American theorists arguing from a neo-dependency perspective have questioned the long-term benefits of this so-called cooperation. They have characterized the relationship as ※neoextractivist§ in reference to the historically dependent relationship between Latin America and countries in the Global North. Whether the relationship is seen as based on South-South cooperation or on rearticulated global political and economic inequalities depends on whether the focus is on the behavior of the Chinese state and Chinese companies or on bilateral agreements between the two states. Although politically the relationship is based on cooperation, economically it displays many of the structural problems that Venezuela has faced since the discovery of oil. La mayor participaci車n de China en el mercado mundial y la consiguiente demanda de energ赤a han contribuido a exacerbar la vulnerabilidad de muchos pa赤ses ricos en recursos con orientaci車n externa. Como consecuencia, desde principios de la d谷cada de 2000, la relaci車n entre China y Venezuela ha ido mucho m芍s all芍 del comercio a un modelo de ※cooperaci車n energ谷tica§ con empresas conjuntas y fondos de desarrollo no solo en el sector petrolero sino tambi谷n en los sectores de la econom赤a venezolana fuera de los recursos. A pesar de los aumentos masivos en el gasto social, los te車ricos latinoamericanos que argumentan desde una perspectiva neo-dependentista han cuestionado los beneficios a largo plazo de esta llamada cooperaci車n. Han caracterizado la relaci車n como "neoextractivista" en referencia a la relaci車n hist車ricamente dependiente entre Am谷rica Latina y los pa赤ses del Norte Global. Si se considera que la relaci車n se basa en la cooperaci車n Sur-Sur o en desigualdades pol赤ticas y econ車micas globales rearticuladas depende de si la atenci車n se centra en el comportamiento del estado chino y las empresas chinas o en los acuerdos bilaterales entre los dos estados. Aunque pol赤ticamente la relaci車n se basa en la cooperaci車n, econ車micamente muestra muchos de los problemas estructurales que Venezuela ha enfrentado desde el
%K China
%K Venezuela
%K Energy cooperation
%K Neoextractivism
%K Dependency
%U https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0094582X18813574