%0 Journal Article
%T Radiological signs associated with pulmonary multi-drug resistant tuberculosis: an analysis of published evidences
%A Alex Rosenthal
%A Aliaksandr Skrahin
%A Andrei Gabrielian
%A Michael Tartakovsky
%A Myung Jin Chung
%A Y¨¬ Xi¨¢ng J. W¨¢ng
%J SCIE-indexed Journal
%D 2018
%X Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is the ninth leading cause of death worldwide and the leading cause from a single infectious agent, ranking above HIV/AIDS. In 2016, there were an estimated 1.3 million TB deaths among HIV-negative patients (down from 1.7 million in 2000) and an additional 374,000 deaths among HIV-positive patients. An estimated 10.4 million people fell ill with TB in 2016, with 56% in five countries: India, Indonesia, China, the Philippines and Pakistan (1). During anti-TB treatment, there is a selection pressure on the population of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) resulting in the occurrence of spontaneous resistance-causing mutations in susceptible bacilli, which then gradually increase to become the dominant strain (2). However, the frequency of these single mutations is sufficiently low that if the appropriate combination chemotherapy is administered and reliably ingested. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) refers to TB infection resistant to at least two most powerful anti-TB drugs, isoniazid and rifampicin. Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR-TB) is defined as TB that has evolved resistance to rifampin and isoniazid, as well as to any member of the quinolone family and at least one of the second line injectable drugs: kanamycin, amikacin and capreomycin. Of MDR-TBs, XDR-TB accounts for 4¨C20% of these infections (3,4). In 2016, there were 600,000 new cases with resistance to rifampicin, the most effective first-line drug, of which 490,000 had MDR-TB. Almost half (47%) of these cases were in India, China and the Russian Federation. There were 476,774 reported cases of HIV(+) TB (1). Erratic and inappropriate use of medications and HIV/TB co-infection contribute to the concerns. When resistant mutants arise during treatment with anti-TB drugs, it is considered acquired resistance (previously treated MDR-TB, ptMDR-TB). People who are infected with an already drug-resistant strain could develop primary resistance (new MDR-TB, nMDR-TB), which is observed in newly diagnosed TB patients. It has been estimated that globally 3.5% (which can be much higher in some regions) of newly diagnosed TB patients, and 20.5% of previously treated patients had MDR-TB (5). For already existing strains of drug-resistant M.tb, it is vital to halt their transmission in community or hospital
%U http://qims.amegroups.com/article/view/18817/18946