%0 Journal Article
%T Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Mycotoxins through Polish Beer Consumption
%A Anna Bˋajet-Kosicka
%A Jan Grajewski
%A Magdalena Twaruˋek
%A Robert Kosicki
%J Archive of "Toxins".
%D 2019
%R 10.3390/toxins11050254
%X Poland is one of Europe＊s leading producers and exporters of beer. The study, herein, describes the measurement of ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, and zearalenone levels in 69 Polish beers. Analytical methodologies based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and fluorescence detection were developed, validated, and used to perform the above determinations. The most prevalent mycotoxins were deoxynivalenol (96%), ochratoxin A (93%), and HT-2 toxin (74%), respectively. Three quarters of the samples contained at least three analytes. The mean ochratoxin A concentration was 0.057 (SD 0.065) ng/mL, and in four beer samples its level exceeded 0.2 ng/mL, a value postulated in the literature to be the maximum limit. Deoxynivalenol was found at a maximum level of 56.2 ng/mL, and its mean concentration was 17.1 (SD 9.0) ng/mL. An evaluation of the estimated daily intake (EDI) of mycotoxins from beer in different European populations was made using food-consumption data prepared by WHO. Based on the mean ochratoxin A concentration in beers, the EDI represented 0.8每1.1% of the tolerable daily intake (TDI), while in a worst-case scenario (maximum concentration) it reached 5.0每7.5% of TDI. For deoxynivalenol, the EDI was in the range of 4.1每6.0% of TDI, whereas, based on maximum values, it reached the level of 14每21% of TDI. There were no significant differences between ※scenarios§ in the HT-2 case (mean〞5.0每7.5% of TDI; maximum〞6.5每9.7% of TDI) due to the fact that its concentration was near the limit of quantification (LOQ) value taken for calculation. The significance of these results are discussed, herein
%K beer
%K mycotoxins
%K ochratoxin A
%K deoxynivalenol
%K HT-2 toxin
%K occurrence
%K risk assessment
%U https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6563123/