%0 Journal Article
%T Refractory carcinoid syndrome: a review of treatment options
%A Allan A. Pereira
%A Frederico P. Costa
%A Juliana F. M. Rego
%A Rachel P. Riechelmann
%J Archive of "Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology".
%D 2017
%R 10.1177/1758834016675803
%X Carcinoid syndrome (CSy) is a constellation of symptoms that may commonly present in patients with well differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), with somatostatin analogs (SSAs) being the first-line option for symptom management. However, symptomatic progression eventually occurs and in this scenario of a refractory CSy; several treatment options have been studied such as dose escalation of SSA, interferon and liver-directed therapies. Nevertheless, recent phase III trials have contributed to the understanding and management of this condition. We performed a comprehensive review of interventional studies examining refractory CSy to provide the evidence for current treatment options and propose a treatment sequence
%K carcinoid syndrome
%K neuroendocrine neoplasm
%K somatostatin
%K systematic review
%U https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5298401/