%0 Journal Article
%T Fifth European Dirofilaria and Angiostrongylus Days (FiEDAD) 2016
%A A. Diosdado
%A A. Rivera
%A Adelheid Obwaller
%A Agnieszka Szmidt
%A Aleksandar M. D£¿ami£¿
%A Aleksandar Naglic
%A Aleksandar Potkonjak
%A Aleksandar Spasovic
%A Alena Salauyova
%A Alexey Ermakov
%A Alice P. Hansen
%A Alicia Diosdado
%A Alla Korzan
%A Ana Cristina Oliveira
%A Ana Margarida Alho
%A Ana Patr¨ªcia Lopes
%A Anastasia Diakou
%A Anca M. Dobrica
%A Andrei D. Mihalca
%A Andrei Daniel Mihalca
%A Andrzej Junkuszew
%A Angela Di Cesare
%A Angela M. Ionic£¿
%A Angela Monica Ionic£¿
%A Anja Joachim
%A Anja Taubert
%A Anne-Catherine Dalemans
%A Artur Dobrzy¨½ski
%A Athanasios Angelou
%A Barbora Mitkov¨¢
%A Benjamin Bedel
%A Bertrand J. Losson
%A Boris Ilyasov
%A Bruno Polack
%A Calixte Bayrou
%A Carina Zittra
%A Carlos Hermosilla
%A Caroline S. Olsen
%A Cecilia Garofani
%A Christos Koutinas
%A Claudia Cuk
%A Coralie Martin
%A Cornelia Silaghi
%A Cristian-Ionut C. N. Florea
%A C£¿lin M. Gherman
%A David Modry
%A Dejan Ra£¿i£¿
%A Denis Dontsov
%A Despina Migli
%A Diego Piedrahita
%A Dieter Barutzki
%A Dimitra Psalla
%A Dionisios Youlatos
%A Domenico Otranto
%A Donato Traversa
%A Dubravka Pudar
%A Dumitru Acatrinei
%A Dusan Petric
%A Dwight D. Bowman
%A Edoardo Auriemma
%A Eleftherios Gallidis
%A Elena Carret¨®n
%A Eleonora Grillotti
%A Elias Papadopoulos
%A Elisa Ulivieri
%A Esra Yilmaz
%A Eva Osterman-Lind
%A Ewa D£¿ugosz
%A F. Sim¨®n
%A Fabio Macchioni
%A Fabrizio Ibba
%A Fabrizio Montarsi
%A Fabrizio Pampurini
%A Felipe Penagos
%A Fernando Simon
%A Fernando Sim¨®n
%A Francesca Gori
%A Fran£¿oise Marechal
%A Gary Conboy
%A Gema Silvan
%A Georg G. Duscher
%A Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna
%A Georgiana Deak
%A Gerd Magdowski
%A Ghita Benchekroun
%A Gianluca D¡¯Amico
%A Gioia Capelli
%A Giulio Grandi
%A Grzybek Maciek
%A Hans-Peter Fuehrer
%J Archive of "Parasites & Vectors".
%D 2017
%R 10.1186/s13071-016-1902-x
%X In Europe domestic and sylvatic canines and felines are the reservoirs of Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens, while different culicid mosquito species act as vectors of these species. Many mosquito species feed indiscriminately on animal reservoirs and man, thus where there is canine dirofilariosis, the risk of zoonotic infections exists. There are three forms of human dirofilariosis: Pulmonary dirofilariosis (PD), usually causing a solitary pulmonary nodule attributed to D. immitis; subcutaneous dirofilariosis (SD) manifesting as subcutaneous nodules located in different parts of the body and ocular dirofilariosis (OD) in which worms cause nodules or remain unencapsulated in the eye area, being the last two variants mainly caused by D. repens. Most of the information on human dirofilariosis is generated by the clinical cases reported and their retrospective review, but there is very scarce other kind of studies. In Europe continues the sharp increase of SD/OD cases unlike the extremely low number of reports of PD cases, without being able to indicate the objective causes of this fact, since both species are present in animal reservoirs of the continent. Most of these cases have been reported in Ukraine and the Russian Federation [1], although a significant number were detected in recent years in Belarus, Balkan and central European countries. The increase in case reports revealed new locations and clinical implications, which are forcing to reassess the prognosis and severity of many cases. Molecular techniques established that worms of D. repens with ocular localization are genetically identical to those located in the subcutaneous tissue and the participation of D. immitis in OD in Ukraine, where this species seems to be the causal agent of the ocular variant in the 13.8% of cases. The routine application of non-invasive techniques such as ultrasound and Doppler helps to establish a rapid prognosis and diagnosis, consistent with the non-malignant nature of nodules in both SD and OD. Studies using "in vitro" cultures of vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells have demonstrated the ability of some Dirofilaria molecules to activate the fibrinolytic system and enhance the generation of plasmin. Plasmin plays a dual role contributing to remove thrombi, but also participating in the stimulation of mechanisms leading to villous endarteritis, such as cell proliferation and migration [2]. Although not specifically focused on human dirofilariosis, these studies can contribute to a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of human dirofilariosis
%U https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5259908/