%0 Journal Article
%T Acute vascular effects of carbonated warm water lower leg immersion in healthy young adults
%A Erika Iwamoto
%A Michinari Kudoh
%A Ryohei Nagaoka
%A Shigehiko Ogoh
%A Shohei Kimura
%A Takamasa Mizuno
%A Tomomi Ishii
%A Yasuhiro Shidahara
%J Archive of "Physiological Reports".
%D 2016
%R 10.14814/phy2.13046
%X Endothelial dysfunction is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality and morbidity; however, this dysfunction may be ameliorated by several therapies. For example, it has been reported that heat©\induced increases in blood flow and shear stress enhance endothelium©\mediated vasodilator function. Under these backgrounds, we expect that carbon dioxide (CO 2)©\rich water©\induced increase in skin blood flow improves endothelium©\mediated vasodilation with less heat stress. To test our hypothesis, we measured flow©\mediated dilation (FMD) before and after acute immersion of the lower legs and feet in mild warm (38¡ãC) normal or CO 2©\rich tap water (1000 ppm) for 20 min in 12 subjects. Acute immersion of the lower legs and feet in mild warm CO 2©\rich water increased FMD (P < 0.01) despite the lack of change in this parameter upon mild warm normal water immersion. In addition, FMD was positively correlated with change in skin blood flow regardless of conditions (P < 0.01), indicating that an increase in skin blood flow improves endothelial©\mediated vasodilator function. Importantly, the temperature of normal tap water must reach approximately 43¡ãC to achieve the same skin blood flow level as that obtained during mild warm CO 2©\rich water immersion (38¡ãC). These findings suggest that CO 2©\rich water©\induced large increases in skin blood flow may improve endothelial©\mediated vasodilator function while causing less heat stress
%K Brachial©\ankle pulse wave velocity
%K Doppler ultrasound
%K flow©\mediated dilation
%U https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5357824/