%0 Journal Article
%T A Pharmacological Rationale to Reduce the Incidence of Opioid Induced Tolerance and Hyperalgesia: A Review
%A Antonella Paladini
%A Daniele Battelli
%A Giustino Varrassi
%A Maria Caterina Pace
%A Mariella Fusco
%A Panagiotis Zis
%A Stefano Coaccioli
%A Stephen D. Skaper
%J Archive of "Pain and Therapy".
%D 2018
%R 10.1007/s40122-018-0094-9
%X Beside neurons, opioid receptors (OR) are also expressed on non-neuron cells, and their distribution is altered by chronic opioid treatment. The activation of non-neuronal cells in peripheral mast cells and spinal cord microglia and astroglia induced by chronic opioid treatment causes an up-regulation of membrane receptors and abnormal production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. These events induce sensitization of peripheral and spinal neurons, morphine tolerance and hyperalgesia, OR opioid receptor, NK1 neurokinin 1, CGRP calcitonin gene-related peptide, TRPV1 transient receptor potential vanilloid receptor 1, and PAR2 protease-activated receptor
%K Chronic pain
%K Opioid abuse
%K Opioid induced hyperalgesia
%K Opioid induced tolerance
%K Opioid misuse
%K PEA
%U https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5993687/