%0 Journal Article
%T Fatal Intoxications with Para-Phenylenediamine in Upper Egypt SciDoc Publishers | Open Access | Science Journals | Media Partners
%A Maha A. Hilal
%A Nady S. Aly
%A Khaled M. Mohamed
%J Forensic Science & Pathology (IJFP)
%D 2018
%R http://dx.doi.org/10.19070/2332-287X-140007
%X Para-phenylenediamine (PPD) is an azo dye intermediate used for dying furs, photochemical measurements, as a photographic developing agent, as an intermediate in manufacture of antioxidants and as accelerators for rubbers. In some African and Asian countries, this chemical is used alone or in combination with Henna for dyeing of hair and skin [1-3]. Unfortunately, a vast numbers of suicidal, homicidal and accidental poisoning cases involving PPD were recorded [4-6]. Poisoning symptoms after oral intake include vomiting, epigastralgia,edema of the face, neck and pharynx, dyspnea, acute renal failure, rhabdomyolysis, hemolysis, methemoglobinemia, hepatic disorders and others can occur [7, 8]. In 20 fatal p-phenylenediamine poisoning cases, convulsion, facial edema and cyanosis were characteristic, and edemas of the epiglottis and vocal folds were observed in all cases [9]. PPD is rapidly absorbed into blood through mucous membranes of the digestive tract after its oral intake, and metabolized into quinonediimine, which acts as a cytotoxin. It is acetylated into Nacetyl-PPD and N,N-diacetyl-PPD as the major metabolites for detoxification to be excreted into urine [10-12]. PPD has been detected in blood, urine and gastric content by gas chromatography¨Cmass spectrometry (GC¨CMS) after liquid¨Cliquid extraction [13, 14]. Methods involving liquid chromatography (LC) with electrochemical detector [15], ultraviolet [15], diode array [16], or MS detection [17] for quantification of PPD and its metabolites in urine and keratinocyte cell were also reported. The aim of this study was to determine the number of PPDrelated deaths in Upper Egypt between the years 2007¨C2012 detail the demography and toxicology findings, and also compare PPD death rates for those years. In addition, a method for extraction and screening of PPD in biological samples by HPLC-DAD was developed
%K n/a
%U https://scidoc.org/IJFP-2332-287X-02-301.php