%0 Journal Article
%T The Caudate Nucleus Mediates Learning of Stimulus每Control State Associations
%A Jiefeng Jiang
%A Tobias Egner
%A Yu-Chin Chiu
%J The Journal of Neurosience
%D 2017
%R 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0778-16.2016
%X A longstanding dichotomy in cognitive psychology and neuroscience pits controlled, top-down driven behavior against associative, bottom-up driven behavior, where cognitive control processes allow us to override well-learned stimulus每response (S每R) associations. By contrast, some previous studies have raised the intriguing possibility of an integration between associative and controlled processing in the form of stimulus每control state (S每C) associations, the learned linkage of specific stimuli to particular control states, such as high attentional selectivity. The neural machinery mediating S每C learning remains poorly understood, however. Here, we combined human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) with a previously developed Stroop protocol that allowed us to dissociate reductions in Stroop interference based on S每R learning from those based on S每C learning. We modeled subjects' acquisition of S每C and S每R associations using an associative learning model and then used trial-by-trial S每C and S每R prediction error (PE) estimates in model-based behavioral and fMRI analyses. We found that PE estimates derived from S每C and S每R associations accounted for the reductions in behavioral Stroop interference effects in the S每C and S每R learning conditions, respectively. Moreover, model-based fMRI analyses identified the caudate nucleus as the key structure involved in selectively updating stimulus每control state associations. Complementary analyses also revealed a greater reliance on parietal cortex when using the learned S每R versus S每C associations to minimize Stroop interference. These results support the emerging view that generalizable control states can become associated with specific bottom-up cues, and they place the caudate nucleus of the dorsal striatum at the center of the neural stimulus每control learning machinery.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Previous behavioral studies have demonstrated that control states, for instance, heightened attentional selectivity, can become directly associated with, and subsequently retrieved by, particular stimuli, thus breaking down the traditional dichotomy between top-down and bottom-up driven behavior. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this type of stimulus每control learning remain poorly understood. We therefore combined noninvasive human neuroimaging with a task that allowed us to dissociate the acquisition of stimulus每control associations from that of stimulus每response associations. The results revealed the caudate nucleus as the key brain structure involved in selectively driving stimulus每control learning.
%U http://www.jneurosci.org/content/37/4/1028