%0 Journal Article
%T Effects of Spirulina on Expression of N-Methyl D-Aspartate Receptor-2B, Matrix Metalloproteinase-7, and Inflammatory Genes in Chronic Tinnitus | Insight Medical Publishing
%A Juen-Haur Hwang
%A Tzu-Ying Wu
%A Yin-Ching Chan
%J Researchgate Journal Impact: 0.23*; Journal Impact Factor: 1.91;
%D 2018
%R 10.21767/2248-9215.100069
%X Background: The study about chronic tinnitus was seldom reported. We aimed to investigate the effects of Spirulina on the mRNA expressions of N-methyl D-aspartate receptor (NR)-2B, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-7, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-¦Á, and cyclooxygenase type 2 (COX-2) genes in chronic tinnitus. Methods: Three-month-old male C57BL/6 mice were trained for an active avoidance task. Then, 17 conditioned mice with tinnitus, confirmed 2 weeks after a noise exposure to the left ear, were randomly divided into two groups on the start day: control group (9 mice, normal diet) and Spirulina group (8 mice, normal diet with S. platensis water extract, 200 mg/kg body weight). All mice were fed a different diet for 80 days; then, their tinnitus scores were tested, and they were sacrificed for mRNA studies. Results: The Spirulina group (¨C6.3 ¡À 16.5) had a significantly lower mean difference in tinnitus scores, which were calculated on the 80th day and the start day for each mouse, than the control group (9.6 ¡À 13.3). NR2B mRNA expressions were not significantly different between the two groups in the cochlea, brainstem, inferior colliculus (IC), or temporal lobes. Compared with the control group, MMP-7 mRNA expressions in the Spirulina group were significantly increased in the cochlea (1.15 ¡À 0.28 for the control group vs 1.82 ¡À 0.30 for the Spirulina group) and temporal lobes (1.18 ¡À 0.26 vs 1.80 ¡À 0.20, respectively). TNT-¦Á mRNA expressions in the Spirulina group had decreased significantly in the cochlea (2.91 ¡À 0.53 for the control group vs 2.12 ¡À 0.56 for the Spirulina group), brainstem (1.72 ¡À 0.35 vs 1.37 ¡À 0.27, respectively), and IC (2.77 ¡À 0.56 vs 2.13 ¡À 0.25, respectively). COX-2 mRNA expressions in the Spirulina group were significantly decreased in the brainstem (1.49 ¡À 0.73 for the control group vs 0.66 ¡À 0.37 for the Spirulina group). Conclusions: Spirulina could reduce chronic tinnitus possibly by increasing MMP-7 gene expression but by decreasing TNF-¦Á and COX-2 gene expressions in the cochlea and/or some tinnitus-related brain regions.
%U http://www.imedpub.com/articles/effects-of-spirulina-on-expression-of-nmethyl-daspartate-receptor2b-matrix-metalloproteinase7-and-inflammatory-genes-in-chronic-ti.php?aid=23187