%0 Journal Article
%T Neurodevelopmental disorders in children aged 2每9 years: Population-based burden estimates across five regions in India
%A A. K. Niswade
%A Alok Thakar
%A Ansuman Panigrahi
%A Archisman Mohapatra
%A Arti Maria
%A Arun K. Singh
%A Atul Prasad
%A Bhadresh Vyas
%A Bhagabati C. Das
%A Devendra Mishra
%A Donald H. Silberberg
%A Faruqueuddin Ahmed
%A G. V. S. Murthy
%A Gauri Divan
%A Gautam B. Singh
%A Harikumaran Nair
%A Jagdish C. Gupta
%A Jennifer Pinto-Martin
%A K. V. Raghava Rao
%A Kumud K. Handa
%A Leena Sumaraj
%A M. Gourie-Devi
%A M. K. C. Nair
%A Madhuri Kulkarni
%A Manju Mehta
%A Manoja K. Das
%A Maria P. Silveira
%A Maureen S. Durkin
%A Monica Juneja
%A Muneer A. Masoodi
%A Munish K. Saroch
%A Nandita Babu
%A Narendra K. Arora
%A Paul S. S. Russell
%A Poma Tudu
%A Poonam Natarajan
%A Praveen Suman
%A Rajan Shukla
%A Rajesh Sagar
%A Rajib Dasgupta
%A Ramesh Konanki
%A Rashmi Kumar
%A Rashna Dass
%A Ravindra M. Pandey
%A Rohit Saxena
%A S. Remadevi
%A Samiksha Singh
%A Sandeep Bavdekar
%A Sanjay K. Rai
%A Santosh Kumar Mohanty
%A Saradha Suresh
%A Satinder Aneja
%A Savita Sapra
%A Sharmila B. Mukherjee
%A Sheffali Gulati
%A Shobha Sharma
%A Sujatha Parthasarathy
%A Sunanda K. Reddy
%A Sunil Karande
%A Tanuj Dada
%A Thakur D. Sharma
%A Vaishali Deshmukh
%A Veena Kalra
%A Vijay Chandra
%A Vikram Patel
%A Vinod K. Bhutani
%A Vivek Vajaratkar
%A Zia Chaudhuri
%J -
%D 2018
%R 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002615
%X Background Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) compromise the development and attainment of full social and economic potential at individual, family, community, and country levels. Paucity of data on NDDs slows down policy and programmatic action in most developing countries despite perceived high burden.   Methods and findings We assessed 3,964 children (with almost equal number of boys and girls distributed in 2每<6 and 6每9 year age categories) identified from five geographically diverse populations in India using cluster sampling technique (probability proportionate to population size). These were from the North-Central, i.e., Palwal (N = 998; all rural, 16.4% non-Hindu, 25.3% from scheduled caste/tribe [SC-ST] [these are considered underserved communities who are eligible for affirmative action]); North, i.e., Kangra (N = 997; 91.6% rural, 3.7% non-Hindu, 25.3% SC-ST); East, i.e., Dhenkanal (N = 981; 89.8% rural, 1.2% non-Hindu, 38.0% SC-ST); South, i.e., Hyderabad (N = 495; all urban, 25.7% non-Hindu, 27.3% SC-ST) and West, i.e., North Goa (N = 493; 68.0% rural, 11.4% non-Hindu, 18.5% SC-ST). All children were assessed for vision impairment (VI), epilepsy (Epi), neuromotor impairments including cerebral palsy (NMI-CP), hearing impairment (HI), speech and language disorders, autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), and intellectual disability (ID). Furthermore, 6每9-year-old children were also assessed for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disorders (LDs). We standardized sample characteristics as per Census of India 2011 to arrive at district level and all-sites-pooled estimates. Site-specific prevalence of any of seven NDDs in 2每<6 year olds ranged from 2.9% (95% CI 1.6每5.5) to 18.7% (95% CI 14.7每23.6), and for any of nine NDDs in the 6每9-year-old children, from 6.5% (95% CI 4.6每9.1) to 18.5% (95% CI 15.3每22.3). Two or more NDDs were present in 0.4% (95% CI 0.1每1.7) to 4.3% (95% CI 2.2每8.2) in the younger age category and 0.7% (95% CI 0.2每2.0) to 5.3% (95% CI 3.3每8.2) in the older age category. All-site-pooled estimates for NDDs were 9.2% (95% CI 7.5每11.2) and 13.6% (95% CI 11.3每16.2) in children of 2每<6 and 6每9 year age categories, respectively, without significant difference according to gender, rural/urban residence, or religion; almost one-fifth of these children had more than one NDD. The pooled estimates for prevalence increased by up to three percentage points when these were adjusted for national rates of stunting or low birth weight (LBW). HI, ID, speech and language disorders, Epi, and LDs were the common NDDs across
%K India
%K Children
%K ADHD
%K Census
%K Autism spectrum disorder
%K Disabilities
%K Birth weight
%K Neurodevelopmental disorders
%U https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1002615